Chapter 4 - personality and values Flashcards
what is the personality–job fit theory?
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
what is person–organization fit?
A theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave when there is no compatibility.
what is personality?
The sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others
is someone’s personality hereditary or a result of their environment?
both; however, research tends to support the importance of heredity over environment.
what is hereditary?
Factors determined at conception;
one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup
what are personality traits?
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.
what is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of sixteen personality types.
Is it recommended to use MBTI in professional settings?
no, evidence is mixed about its validity as a measure of personality; however, most of the evidence is against it
what is the Big Five Model?
A personality model that proposes five basic dimensions encompass most of the differences in human personality
how valid is the Big Five Model?
Test scores of these traits do a very good job of predicting how people behave in a variety of real-life situations
what is conscientiousness?
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
what is emotional stability?
A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, and secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
what is extraversion?
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive.
what is openness to experience?
A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity
what is agreeableness?
A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting
what is the Dark Triad?
three of negative personality traits:
machiavellianism
narcissism
psychopathy
what is Machiavellianism?
an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
what is narcissism?
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and possess a sense of entitlement.
what is psychopathy?
The tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm.
what are core self-evaluation (CSE)?
Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.
what is the situation strength theory?
A theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation.
what is self-monitoring?
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors
what is proactive personality?
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
what four elements have researchers used to analyze a situation’s strength?
clarity, consistency, constraints, and consequences
what is the trait activation theory (TAT)?
A theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others.
what are values?
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct
what is a value system?
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.
what are terminal values?
the goals a person would like to achieve during their lifetime.
what are instrumental values?
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.
what is power distance?
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally
what is individualism?
A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups
what is collectivism?
A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
what is masculinity?
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
what is femininity?
A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
what is uncertainty avoidance?
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
what is long-term orientation?
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
what is short-term orientation?
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change.
