Chapter 4: Periphery: Innate Immune Response Flashcards
What does IELs stand for? What is another name for it?
Intra-epithelial lymphocytes
γδ T cells
What are receptors of the innate immune system known as?
PRRs (pattern recognition receptors)
What do PRRs recognize?
PAMPs or DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns); released from dying or damaged cells
Where are inflammasomes expressed?
in myeloid cells (like macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells)
Activation of inflammasomes results in the production of what inflammatory cytokines?
IL-1β and IL-18
What is the purpose of inflammasomes?
to activate caspase 1 and then cleave pro cytokines to their active forms
What are the extracellular TLRs?
TLR -1, 2, 4, 5, 6
Pathogen target of TLR 2?
Bacterial peptidoglycan
Pathogen target of TLR- 4?
LPS
Pathogen target of TLR-5?
flagellin
Which TLRs recognize bacterial lipopeptides?
TLR-1, 2, 6
What are the intracellular (endosomal) TLRs?
TLR-3, 7, 8, 9
What pathogen does TLR-3 recognize?
DS RNA
What pathogen does TLR- 7, 8 recognize?
SS RNA
What pathogen does TLR - 9 target?
unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides
What are the downstream effects of activation of TLRs?
activation of transcription factors (including NF-kB) which results in the transcription of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes that are antimicrobial
Where are NLRs located? What does it stand for?
NOD-like receptors; intracellular (cytosolic)
What are the NLRs?
List the types.
NOD1, NOD2, NLRP-3
NOD1, NOD2 pathogen target?
comoponents of bacterial PG
Downstream effects of NOD1, NOD2?
signals via NF-kB result in macrophage activation
NLRP-3 pathogen target.
microbial products and molecules from damaged or dying cells (ATP, uric acid crystals, reactive oxygen species)
Downstream effects of NLRP-3?
Inflammasome
NLRP- 3 (sensor) + adaptor protein links procaspase 1 and activates it to caspase 1; it is the caspase that cleaves the pro-IL-1B to generate IL-1B
RLR stands for what? Where is it located in the cell?
RIG-like receptors; cytoplasm
What is the receptor name of RIG-like receptors?
RIG-1, MDA-5
What is the pathogen target of RLR?
viral RNA
Downstream effects of RLR?
interferon production