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Kaplan: Immunology > Chapter 2: Ontogeny of the Immune Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Ontogeny of the Immune Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoeisis involves the production, development, differentiation, and maturation of the blood cells (erythrocytes, megakaryocytes and leukocytes) from what type of cells?

A

multipotent stem cells

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2
Q

During embryogenesis and early fetal development, where is the site of hematopoiesis?

A

yolk sac

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3
Q

Where does hematopoeisis shift during the process of organogenesis?

A

liver and spleen

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4
Q

What is the difference in location of where hematopoeisis takes place in development from early years to adulthood?

A

from bone marrow in distal long bones to bone marrow in axial skeleton

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5
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor cells give rise to what type of cells?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and NK cells

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6
Q

What types of cells are produced by a common myeloid progenitor cell

A

erythrocytes, megakaryocytes/thrombocytes, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells

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7
Q

What are NK cells? What do NK cells recognize?

A

large granular lymphocyte that recognizes tumor and virally infected cells through non-specific binding

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8
Q

What in the body is needed to signal production of lymphoid cells from the multipotent stem cells?

A

IL-7

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9
Q

What in the body is needed to signal production of myeloid stem cells from multipotent stem cells?

A

GM-CSF (granulocyte/monocyte colony stimulating factor), IL-3

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10
Q

What signal in the body is needed to differentiate myeloid stem cells to eosinophil progenitors?

A

IL-5

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11
Q

What signal in the body is needed to differentiate myeloid stem cells to megakaryocytes?

A

thrombopoietin

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12
Q

What signal in the body is needed to differentiate myeloid stem cells to erythroid progenitor cells?

A

erythropoeitin from the kidney that is released when it senses low O2

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13
Q

Understand this diagram

A

Ontogeny of Immune Cells

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14
Q

Another name for neutrophil?

A

polymorphonuclear cell PMN

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15
Q

What is the most abundant circulating WBC in the blood?

A

Neutrophil

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16
Q

Describe the appearance of the neutrophil?

A

*granulocyte
* segmented lobular nuclei (3-5 lobes)
*small pink cytoplasmic granules

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17
Q

Describe the appearance of lymphocytes?

A

large, dark staining nucleus with a thin rim of cytoplasm

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18
Q

Describe the appearance of plasma cells?

A
  • small eccentric nucleus (“clock face nuclei”)
  • intensely staining Golgi apparatus
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19
Q

Describe the appearance of an NK cell?

A
  • lymphocyte with large cytoplasmic granules
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20
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

bloodstream, secondary lymphoid tissues

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21
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

bloodstream, secondary lymphoid tissue and bone marrow

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22
Q

Where are NK cells found?

A

bloodstream

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23
Q

What the the functions of neutrophils?

A

phagocytic activity aimed at killing extracellular pathogens

24
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

no function until activate in the secondary lymphoid tissues

25
Q

What are the functions of plasma cells?

A

terminally differentiated B lymphocyte that secretes antibodies

26
Q

What are the functions of NK cells?

A

kills virally infected cells and tumor cells

27
Q

Surface markers on B lymphocytes

A

CD19, 20, 21

28
Q

Surface markers of T lymphocytes?

A

CD3

29
Q

Helper T cell surface markers?

A

CD4

30
Q

CTL surface markers?

A

CD8

31
Q

Surface markers of NK cells?

A

CD16, 56

32
Q

Stem cells have what surface markers?

A

CD 34

33
Q

Where is the tissue location of monocytes?

A

circulating blood cells

34
Q

How would you describe the appearance of monocytes?

A

agranulocyte with a bean or kidney-shaped nucleus

35
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

precursors of tissue macrophages

36
Q

What is the location of macrophages?

A

residents in all tissues

37
Q

What is the appearance of macrophages?

A

agranulocyte with a ruffled cytoplasmic membrane and cytoplasmic vacuoles and vesicles

38
Q

What is the function of the macrophage?

A
  • phagocyte
  • professional antigen presenting cell
  • T-cell activator
39
Q

Where is the location of the dendritic cell?

A

resident in epithelial and lymphoid tissue

40
Q

What is the appearance of the dendritic cell?

A

agranulocyte with thin, stellate cytoplasmic projections

41
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

*phagocyte
* professional APC
*T-cell activator

42
Q

What is the location of the eosinophil?

A

circulating blood cells recruited into loose connective tissue of the respiratory and GI tracts

43
Q

How would you describe eosinophils?

A

granuloctye with bilobed nucleus and large pink cytoplasmic granules

44
Q

Function of eosinophils?

A
  • elimination of large extracellular parasites
  • Type I hypersensitivity
45
Q

What is the location of mast cells?

A

reside in most tissues adjacent to blood vessels

46
Q

What is the appearance of mast cells?

A

granulocyte with small nucleus and large blue cytoplasmic granule

47
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A
  • elimination of large extracellular parasites
  • Type I HSR
48
Q

What is the tissue location of basophils?

A

low frequency circulating blood cell

49
Q

What is the physical appearance of basophils?

A

granulocyte with bi-lobed nucleus (which is barely seen because of the) large blue cytoplasmic granules

50
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A
  • elimination of large extracellular parasites
  • Type I HSN
51
Q

Percentage of PMNs of WBCs?

A

50 - 70%

52
Q

What is the percentage of bands in the WBCs?

A

2 - 5%

53
Q

What is the percentage of lymphocytes of the WBCs?

A

20 - 40%

54
Q

What is the percentage of monocytes?

A

4 - 8%

55
Q

What is the percentage of eosinophils?

A

2 - 4%

56
Q

What is the percentage of basophils?

A

0.5 - 1%; <1%

57
Q

Normal WBC count?

A

5 - 10 ( 5,000- 10,000) mm3

Kaplan: Immunology (16 decks)

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