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Kaplan: Immunology > Chapter 10: Immunizations > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

List some live viral vaccines recommended in the US? Also list some available in the US under special circumstances.

A
  • measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
  • varicella zoster (VZV) (for both chicken pox and zoster (shingles)
  • rotavirus
  • influenza (flu mist)

available in the US but recommended only under special circumstances

  • polio (sabin)
  • smallpox
  • yellow fever
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2
Q

What are some non-attenuated live vaccines recommended in US? Explain.

A
  • adenovirus types 4 and 7 used by military
  • vaccine recipients are thus protected against adenovirus acquire by aerosol, which could otherwise produce pneumonia (this is the only example of a live non-attenuated vaccine that is used)
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3
Q

Describe killed vaccines.

A

utilize organisms that are killed so they can no longer replicate in the host

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4
Q

How is inactivation carried out in killed vaccines?

A

inactivated by chemicals rather than heat, as heat will often denature the immunogenic epitopes

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5
Q

What type of immunity is predominant in those with killed vaccines?

A

humoral immunity

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6
Q

What are some examples of killed (inactivated) vaccines?

A

rabies
influenza
polio (salk)
Hep A

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7
Q

What are toxoid vaccines made from?

A

inactivated exotoxins from toxigenic bacteria

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8
Q

Which does toxoid vaccines prevent? Disease or infection?

A

Prevents disease; not infection

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9
Q

Example of a toxoid vaccine.

A

DTaP

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10
Q

What are polysaccharide vaccines comprised of?

A

capsular polysaccharide found in many bacteria

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11
Q

What is the only immunoglobulin formed when an individual is given polysaccharide vaccines? Why?

A

IgM because of the inability of the polysaccharide to activate Th cells (which require protein to become activated)

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12
Q

Polysaccharide vaccines have largely been replaced by what types of vaccines?

A

conjugate vaccines

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13
Q

List some common polysaccharide vaccines.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23)

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14
Q

Describe the PPSV23 vaccine.

A

comprised of 23 capsular serotypes of the most invasive and common strains of S. pneumoniae

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15
Q

What is the indication for use of the PPSV23 vaccine?

A

in adults age > 65 or special circumstances i.e. splenectomy, COPD

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16
Q

Describe conjugate vaccines.

A

comprised of capsular polysaccharide conjugated to protein: this creates a T cell-dependent immune response with class switching

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17
Q

Give some examples of conjugate vaccines.

A
  • Haemophius influenzae type B (Hib)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumoccocal conjugate (PCV13)
  • Neisseria meningitidis
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18
Q

What is the PCV13 comprised of?

A

13 capsular serotypes

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19
Q

Indiction for PCV13

A

indicated for use in infants

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20
Q

Describe component vaccines.

A
  • comprised of an immunodominant protein from the virus that is grown in yeast cells
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21
Q

Give an example of how the component vaccine for hep B works?

A

the gene coding for the HBsAg is inserted into yeast cells, which then releases this molecule into the culture medium; the molecule is then purified and used as the immunogen in the vaccine

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22
Q

Give examples of component vaccines.

A
  • HBV
  • Hep B surface ag
  • HPV
    -Quadrivalent vaccine with serotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18
    -9 valent vaccine (Gardasil 9) to prevent >90% of cancers, as opposed to the quadrivalent vaccine which can protect up to 70% of cancers; contains serotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58
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23
Q

When can live attenuated virus vaccines be given to the neonate?

A

> 12 months

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24
Q

What is the only ab isotype useful in diagnosing infections in neonates?

A

IgM

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25
Q

Understand this chart.

A
26
Q

List some bacterial vaccines.

A
  • C. diptheriae
  • B. pertussis
  • C. tetani
  • H. influenze
  • S. pneumoniae
  • N. meningitidis
27
Q

DTaP stands for what?

A

C. dip., C tetani, acellular Pertussis vaccine

28
Q

Initials for H. influenzae vaccine.

A

Hib

29
Q

Initials for S. pneumonia vaccine.

A

PCV ( pediatric) or PPV (adults)

30
Q

What are the initials for the N. meningitidis vaccine?

A

MCV-4

31
Q

C. dip is what type of vaccine?

A

toxoid

32
Q

B. pertussis is what type of vaccine?

A

toxoid plus filamentous hemagglutinin

33
Q

C. tetani is what type of vaccine?

A

toxoid

34
Q

H. influenzae is what type of vaccine?

A

capsular polysaccharide and protein

35
Q

S. pneumoniae (PCV) is what type of vaccine?

A

13 capsular serotypes and protein

36
Q

PPV is what type of vaccine?

A

23 capsular serotypes

37
Q

MCV-4 is what type of vaccine?

A

4 capsular serotypes (Y, W-135, C, A) and protein

38
Q

Initials for rotavirus vaccine?

A

RV

39
Q

Initials for polio vaccine?

A

IPV, OPV

40
Q

Initials for influenza vaccine?

A

IIV, LAIV

41
Q

Initials for varicella zoster virus vaccine?

A

VAR

42
Q

Initials for Hepatitis A vaccine?

A

HepA

43
Q

Initials for Human papilloma virus vaccine.

A

HPV

44
Q

Initials for Hep B virus vaccine?

A

HepB

45
Q

MMR vaccine stands for what?

A

measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine

46
Q

RV is what type of vaccine?

A

live

47
Q

IPV is what type of vaccine?

A

killed (salk)

48
Q

OPV is what type of vaccine?

A

live (sabin)

49
Q

IIV is what type of vaccine?

A

inactivated (killed)

50
Q

LAIV is what type of vaccine?

A

Live

51
Q

VAR is what type of vaccine?

A

live

52
Q

HepA is what type of vaccine?

A

inactivated (killed)

53
Q

HPV is what type of vaccine?

A

component

54
Q

HepB is what type of vaccine?

A

component

55
Q

MMR is what type of vaccine?

A

live

56
Q

What does TORCHeS (TORCH) infections stand for?

A

toxoplasmosis, other (gonorrhea, HIV, parvovirus, varicella) ,Rubella, CMV, HSV, Syphillus

57
Q

What are the vaccines that should be given at 2 months and what is the acronym to remember them?

A

2B DR HIP (2 doses Hep B (1st @ birth), DTaP, rotavirus, haemophilus influenzae, inactivated polio, pneumococcal

58
Q

What are the vaccines that should be given at 4 months and the acronym to remember them?

A

4 DR HIP
DTaP, rotavirus, haemophilus influenza B, IPV, pneumococcal

59
Q

What are the vaccines to be given at 6 months?

A

B DR HIP In 6 months.

Hep B, DTaP, rotavirus, haemophilus influenza (B?), IPV, pneumococcal, influenza

60
Q

What are the vaccines to give children 12 - 15 months? Also acronym to remember?

A

1 Very MAD HIPster

VZV, MMR, Hep A, DTaP, Hib, IPV, pneumococcal

61
Q

What are the vaccines to give children 4-6 years of age?

A

Very DIM between 4-6pm.

VZV, DTaP, IPV, MMR

Kaplan: Immunology (16 decks)

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