Chapter 4 Part 2 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
2 basic elements of connective tissue
A
- cells
- extracellular matrix
2
Q
2 facts and 1 exception of connective tissue:
A
- Connective tissue cells do not have any free surfaces
- connective tissue is highly vascularized and has nerve supply
- except tendons and cartilage
3
Q
11 types of connective tissue cells
A
- Fibroblasts
- Mast cells
- Plasma cells
- Adipocytes
- Reticular fibers
- Elastic fibers
- Collagen fibers
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Macrophages
- Ground substance
4
Q
3 reticular fiber:
A
- made of collagen and glycoproteins
- provide support in blood vessel walls
- form branching networks around various cells
5
Q
4 type of cells reticular fibers form branching networks around:
A
- Fat cells
- smooth cells
- muscle cells
- nervous cells
6
Q
2 fibroblasts:
A
- large flat cells
- move through connective tissue, secrete fibers, and ground substance
7
Q
2 macrophages:
A
- develop monocytes
- destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
8
Q
3 elastic fiber:
A
- stretchable but strong
- fibers are made of proteins, elastin, and fibrilin
- found in blood vessels and lung tissue
9
Q
2 adipocytes
A
- fat cells that store fats
- found everywhere; below skin, around organs like heart and kidney
10
Q
eosinophils:
A
-white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses
11
Q
2 neutrophils:
A
-white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection -destroy microbes by phagocytosis
12
Q
4 ground substance:
A
- material between cells and fibers
- made of water and organic molecules
- supports cells and fibers, binds them together
- provides medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells
13
Q
3 ground substance organic molecules:
A
- hyaluronic acid
- chondroitin sulfate
- glucosamine
14
Q
2 plasma cells
A
- develop from b lymphocytes
- secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances
15
Q
2 mast cells
A
- abundant along blood vessels
- produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria
16
Q
2 collagen fibers
A
- strong and flexible bundles of protein collagen
- most abundant protein in body
17
Q
where is extracellular matrix located?
A
-space in between connective tissue cells
18
Q
What is extracellular matrix composed of? (2)
A
-fibers and ground substance
19
Q
extracellular matrix of bone?
A
calcified salts
20
Q
Extracellular matrix defines 2 things:
A
- function
- role
21
Q
Role of fibers in extracellular matrix:
A
-provide strength and support tissue
22
Q
Three fibers in extracellular matrix:
A
- collagen
- elastic
- reticular
FIBERS
23
Q
2 classifications of embryonic connective tissues;
A
- Mesenchyme
- Mucous
24
Q
Mesoderm
A
- middle layer
- form muscle, circulatory/
25
Epidermis develops from
from ectoderm and dermis develops from the mesoderm
26
3 type of connective tissues that develop into organs, skins, etc.
(3 primary germ layers)
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
- endoderm
27
3 ectoderm formations:
- brain
- nervous system
- skin
28
2 endoderm formations:
- gut lining
| - organs for embryonic cells
29
2 embryonic mesenchyme formations:
- embryonic tissue found under most skin
- near bones and lung blood vessels
- embryo
30
embryonic mucous formations:
-umbilical cord of the fetus
31
5 embryonic classifications of connective tissues
- mesenchyme
- mucous
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
32
5 mature classifications of connective tissue:
- loose
- dense
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
33
3 loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
34
4 dense connective tissue
- tendons
- ligaments
- periosteum
- pericardium
35
2 cartilage connective tissue
- collagen
| - elastic fibers in chondroitin sulfate
36
6 bone connective tissue
- Ca+
- P
- RBC
- yellow marrow
- lacunae
- osteocytes
37
blood connective tissue
-liquid extracellular matrix or blood plasma
38
physical composition of connective tissue determines their
function
39
Fibroblasts are immature
fibrocytes
40
fibrocytes are mature
fibroblasts
41
fat vacuole organelle function:
store triglycerides
42
two kinds of growth from fetus to adolescent:
- interstitial growth
| - oppositional growth
43
interstitial growth:
- creation of the division of chondrocytes
| - creation of extracellular matrix
44
oppositional growth:
- growth through perichondrium
- is dense and irregular connective tissue found on outside of cartilage
- perichondrium used for protection as well as binding to bone to help with joints
45
from perichondrium, chondrocytes will:
- chondrocytes will differentiate into cells
| - move into hyaline cartilage
46
chondrocytes come off from what?
chondrocytes come off from perichondrium
47
Membranes:
-flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
48
2 types of membranes:
- epithelial membranes
| - synovial membranes
49
3 components of epithelial membranes:
- mucous membranes
- serous membranes
- cutaneous membranes
50
where are mucous membranes found?
-inside of organs
51
example of mucous membrane location:
-in stomach lining against stomach acid
52
serous membranes found:
-outside of stomach
53
example of cutaneous membrane:
-skin
54
synovial membranes found at:
joints
55
why are synovial membranes unique?
-dont have epithelial tissues
| -
56
mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes all have what?
epithelial tissue
57
serous membrane of lung AKA
visceral pleura
58
All mucous membranes open to:
the outside
59
what does synovial fluid protect? and how?
- the joints of the bones
| - by providing a buffer to reduce friction
60
3 muscular tissue fiber functions:
fibers to:
- provide motion
- maintain posture
- produce heat
61
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle
- smooth muscle
62
striations are composed of 2 things:
- actin
| - myosin
63
actin and myosin are microfilaments used for ____ in muscle cells
-contraction
64
groups of striations=
sarcomeres
65
sarcomeres are basic fundamental structure of the ____ system
basic fundamental structure
66
Muscle fiber AKA
Muscle cell
67
Muscle cell AKA
Muscle fiber
68
muscle fibers have one, two, or several nuclei?
muscles have several nuclei
69
cardiac muscle fiber shape?
branched
70
each cardiac muscle fiber has one, two several nuclei?
each cardiac cell has one nuclei
71
intercalated disc function:
-used to transfer action potential or communication from cell to cell throughout heart
72
how do signals travel through the heart?
-starts from one signal and propagate or continue the signal through the whole heart
73
how does communication travel through skeletal muscle?
-each motor neuron has synaptic bulbs that branch at the end to communicate with many different skeletal muscle fibers
74
why is the smooth muscle unique? (2)
- does not have striations but still has actin and myosin
| - no sarcomeres in smooth muscle
75
each smooth muscle fiber has one, two several nuclei?
one per cell
76
2 kinds of cell in nervous tissue:
- neurons
| - neuroglia
77
3 structures most neurons have:
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
78
What can neurons carry and do?
- carry sensory and motor information
| - perform integrative functions
79
2 functions of neuroglia:
-protect and support neurons
80
2 things nervous tissue cannot do:
- replicate or
| - repair
81
dendrites ____ information
dendrites receive information
82
axons _____information:
axons send information
83
why are neurons and muscle cells considered excitable cells?
they're considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability
84
Electrical excitability is the ability to:
-ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals
85
Electrical signals or action potentials in electrical excitability travel how?
travels along plasma membrane of neuron or muscle fibers due to presence of specific voltage gated channels
86
how neurons communicate vs Sodium potassium pumps:
- want to move sodium out and potassium in to get concentration gradient
- movement of sodium or cat ion is the excitability of that neuron; illogical signal runs through neuron and the signal is caused from ions coming in or moving out of neuron = through movement of ions
-In muscles, when neurotransmitter binds, it causes an influx of sodium into muscle fiber and that causes excitability of the muscle fiber = will see an influx of sodium into that plasma membrane
87
Tissue repair replaces 3 things:
replaces
- worn out
- damaged or
- dead cells
88
In tissue repair, epithelial cells are replaced by:
- replaced by the division of stem cells
| - or undifferentiated cells
89
in our skin:
- epidermis has bottom layer next to basement membrane; that bottom layer produces more cells and grow out that epithelial tissue and continue to divide to produce more cells
- starts off as stem cells that differentiate into skin cells
90
not all connective tissue have the ability to___
Not all connective tissue have the ability to repair
91
muscle cells can perform a ____ amount of repair
muscle cells can perform a limited amount of repair
92
Some nervous cells can perform ___ repair, while others cannot
some nervous cells can perform limited repair while others cannot; hard to perform repair
93
Fibrosis is:
the formation of scar tissue
94
2 options if neuron is broken in half and damaged:
- a myolin sheet can grow out past the gap and allow for growth
- if too wide and myolin sheet can't reach or takes too long, scar tissue will win and we won't get repair of neuron
95
what are myolin sheets used for?
connectivity
96
3 things younger bodies generally experience:
- better nutritional state
- better blood supply to tissues
- faster metabolic rate
97
One adaptive feature of tissues:
-a lot of aerobic excercise results in your body creating more blood vessels so that you can get more nutrients and oxygen to working muscles
98
what does aging slow the process of?
aging slows process of tissue repair; telomeres with caps to protect DNA wear down and DNA will wear down too.
99
2 things that result in tissues with age:
- stiffening
- loss of elasticity
IE: proteins and fibers start to degrade=less structure, support, and elasticity
100
in aging, muscle tissues sarcoplasmic reticulum component...
- smooth muscle fiber
- ...sarcoplasmic reticulum component is there to store calcium and pump calcium back into itself; with aging, there's less storage of calcium and not as much gets pumped back=harder for muscles to contract
101
in aging muscle tissues, is a decrease in mitochondrial protein synthesis:
- mitochondria has own DNA and synthesizes its own proteins
| - with aging, less protein in mitochondria=less oxidative in nature
102
in aging muscle tissues, is a decrease in twitch contraction force...
-ability for neurons to fire down through neuron to contract muscle and cause fast twitch decrease
103
2 homeostatic imbalance disorders of tissues:
- epithelial
| - connective
104
Disorders of epithelial tissue:
- tend to be specific to individual organs
| - example=ulcers in stomach
105
Ulcers in stomach are: (3)
- destroying of body tissues and causing an opening in stomach lining
- ulcers aren't just an opening, a bacterium enters opening and causes issues
- most common example: peptic ulcer; in duodenum of small intestine
106
Disorders of connective tissues tend to be:
- autoimmune in nature
| - example=lupus
107
in lupus:
-in lupus, your own immune system attacks your own organs and tissues
