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currycurry UNIT ! > Chapter 4 Part 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Part 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

2 basic elements of connective tissue

A
  • cells

- extracellular matrix

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2
Q

2 facts and 1 exception of connective tissue:

A
  • Connective tissue cells do not have any free surfaces
  • connective tissue is highly vascularized and has nerve supply
  • except tendons and cartilage
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3
Q

11 types of connective tissue cells

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Mast cells
  • Plasma cells
  • Adipocytes
  • Reticular fibers
  • Elastic fibers
  • Collagen fibers
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Macrophages
  • Ground substance
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4
Q

3 reticular fiber:

A
  • made of collagen and glycoproteins
  • provide support in blood vessel walls
  • form branching networks around various cells
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5
Q

4 type of cells reticular fibers form branching networks around:

A
  • Fat cells
  • smooth cells
  • muscle cells
  • nervous cells
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6
Q

2 fibroblasts:

A
  • large flat cells

- move through connective tissue, secrete fibers, and ground substance

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7
Q

2 macrophages:

A
  • develop monocytes

- destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

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8
Q

3 elastic fiber:

A
  • stretchable but strong
  • fibers are made of proteins, elastin, and fibrilin
  • found in blood vessels and lung tissue
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9
Q

2 adipocytes

A
  • fat cells that store fats

- found everywhere; below skin, around organs like heart and kidney

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10
Q

eosinophils:

A

-white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses

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11
Q

2 neutrophils:

A

-white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection -destroy microbes by phagocytosis

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12
Q

4 ground substance:

A
  • material between cells and fibers
  • made of water and organic molecules
  • supports cells and fibers, binds them together
  • provides medium for exchanging substances between blood and cells
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13
Q

3 ground substance organic molecules:

A
  • hyaluronic acid
  • chondroitin sulfate
  • glucosamine
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14
Q

2 plasma cells

A
  • develop from b lymphocytes

- secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances

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15
Q

2 mast cells

A
  • abundant along blood vessels

- produce histamine that dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria

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16
Q

2 collagen fibers

A
  • strong and flexible bundles of protein collagen

- most abundant protein in body

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17
Q

where is extracellular matrix located?

A

-space in between connective tissue cells

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18
Q

What is extracellular matrix composed of? (2)

A

-fibers and ground substance

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19
Q

extracellular matrix of bone?

A

calcified salts

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20
Q

Extracellular matrix defines 2 things:

A
  • function

- role

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21
Q

Role of fibers in extracellular matrix:

A

-provide strength and support tissue

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22
Q

Three fibers in extracellular matrix:

A
  • collagen
  • elastic
  • reticular

FIBERS

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23
Q

2 classifications of embryonic connective tissues;

A
  • Mesenchyme

- Mucous

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24
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • middle layer

- form muscle, circulatory/

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25
Q

Epidermis develops from

A

from ectoderm and dermis develops from the mesoderm

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26
Q

3 type of connective tissues that develop into organs, skins, etc.
(3 primary germ layers)

A
  • mesoderm
  • ectoderm
  • endoderm
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27
Q

3 ectoderm formations:

A
  • brain
  • nervous system
  • skin
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28
Q

2 endoderm formations:

A
  • gut lining

- organs for embryonic cells

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29
Q

2 embryonic mesenchyme formations:

A
  • embryonic tissue found under most skin
  • near bones and lung blood vessels
  • embryo
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30
Q

embryonic mucous formations:

A

-umbilical cord of the fetus

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31
Q

5 embryonic classifications of connective tissues

A
  • mesenchyme
  • mucous
  • ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • endoderm
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32
Q

5 mature classifications of connective tissue:

A
  • loose
  • dense
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
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33
Q

3 loose connective tissue

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
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34
Q

4 dense connective tissue

A
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • periosteum
  • pericardium
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35
Q

2 cartilage connective tissue

A
  • collagen

- elastic fibers in chondroitin sulfate

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36
Q

6 bone connective tissue

A
  • Ca+
  • P
  • RBC
  • yellow marrow
  • lacunae
  • osteocytes
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37
Q

blood connective tissue

A

-liquid extracellular matrix or blood plasma

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38
Q

physical composition of connective tissue determines their

A

function

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39
Q

Fibroblasts are immature

A

fibrocytes

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40
Q

fibrocytes are mature

A

fibroblasts

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41
Q

fat vacuole organelle function:

A

store triglycerides

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42
Q

two kinds of growth from fetus to adolescent:

A
  • interstitial growth

- oppositional growth

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43
Q

interstitial growth:

A
  • creation of the division of chondrocytes

- creation of extracellular matrix

44
Q

oppositional growth:

A
  • growth through perichondrium
  • is dense and irregular connective tissue found on outside of cartilage
  • perichondrium used for protection as well as binding to bone to help with joints
45
Q

from perichondrium, chondrocytes will:

A
  • chondrocytes will differentiate into cells

- move into hyaline cartilage

46
Q

chondrocytes come off from what?

A

chondrocytes come off from perichondrium

47
Q

Membranes:

A

-flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

48
Q

2 types of membranes:

A
  • epithelial membranes

- synovial membranes

49
Q

3 components of epithelial membranes:

A
  • mucous membranes
  • serous membranes
  • cutaneous membranes
50
Q

where are mucous membranes found?

A

-inside of organs

51
Q

example of mucous membrane location:

A

-in stomach lining against stomach acid

52
Q

serous membranes found:

A

-outside of stomach

53
Q

example of cutaneous membrane:

A

-skin

54
Q

synovial membranes found at:

A

joints

55
Q

why are synovial membranes unique?

A

-dont have epithelial tissues

-

56
Q

mucous, serous, and cutaneous membranes all have what?

A

epithelial tissue

57
Q

serous membrane of lung AKA

A

visceral pleura

58
Q

All mucous membranes open to:

A

the outside

59
Q

what does synovial fluid protect? and how?

A
  • the joints of the bones

- by providing a buffer to reduce friction

60
Q

3 muscular tissue fiber functions:

A

fibers to:

  • provide motion
  • maintain posture
  • produce heat
61
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • smooth muscle
62
Q

striations are composed of 2 things:

A
  • actin

- myosin

63
Q

actin and myosin are microfilaments used for ____ in muscle cells

A

-contraction

64
Q

groups of striations=

A

sarcomeres

65
Q

sarcomeres are basic fundamental structure of the ____ system

A

basic fundamental structure

66
Q

Muscle fiber AKA

A

Muscle cell

67
Q

Muscle cell AKA

A

Muscle fiber

68
Q

muscle fibers have one, two, or several nuclei?

A

muscles have several nuclei

69
Q

cardiac muscle fiber shape?

A

branched

70
Q

each cardiac muscle fiber has one, two several nuclei?

A

each cardiac cell has one nuclei

71
Q

intercalated disc function:

A

-used to transfer action potential or communication from cell to cell throughout heart

72
Q

how do signals travel through the heart?

A

-starts from one signal and propagate or continue the signal through the whole heart

73
Q

how does communication travel through skeletal muscle?

A

-each motor neuron has synaptic bulbs that branch at the end to communicate with many different skeletal muscle fibers

74
Q

why is the smooth muscle unique? (2)

A
  • does not have striations but still has actin and myosin

- no sarcomeres in smooth muscle

75
Q

each smooth muscle fiber has one, two several nuclei?

A

one per cell

76
Q

2 kinds of cell in nervous tissue:

A
  • neurons

- neuroglia

77
Q

3 structures most neurons have:

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
78
Q

What can neurons carry and do?

A
  • carry sensory and motor information

- perform integrative functions

79
Q

2 functions of neuroglia:

A

-protect and support neurons

80
Q

2 things nervous tissue cannot do:

A
  • replicate or

- repair

81
Q

dendrites ____ information

A

dendrites receive information

82
Q

axons _____information:

A

axons send information

83
Q

why are neurons and muscle cells considered excitable cells?

A

they’re considered excitable cells because they exhibit electrical excitability

84
Q

Electrical excitability is the ability to:

A

-ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

85
Q

Electrical signals or action potentials in electrical excitability travel how?

A

travels along plasma membrane of neuron or muscle fibers due to presence of specific voltage gated channels

86
Q

how neurons communicate vs Sodium potassium pumps:

A
  • want to move sodium out and potassium in to get concentration gradient
  • movement of sodium or cat ion is the excitability of that neuron; illogical signal runs through neuron and the signal is caused from ions coming in or moving out of neuron = through movement of ions

-In muscles, when neurotransmitter binds, it causes an influx of sodium into muscle fiber and that causes excitability of the muscle fiber = will see an influx of sodium into that plasma membrane

87
Q

Tissue repair replaces 3 things:

A

replaces

  • worn out
  • damaged or
  • dead cells
88
Q

In tissue repair, epithelial cells are replaced by:

A
  • replaced by the division of stem cells

- or undifferentiated cells

89
Q

in our skin:

A
  • epidermis has bottom layer next to basement membrane; that bottom layer produces more cells and grow out that epithelial tissue and continue to divide to produce more cells
  • starts off as stem cells that differentiate into skin cells
90
Q

not all connective tissue have the ability to___

A

Not all connective tissue have the ability to repair

91
Q

muscle cells can perform a ____ amount of repair

A

muscle cells can perform a limited amount of repair

92
Q

Some nervous cells can perform ___ repair, while others cannot

A

some nervous cells can perform limited repair while others cannot; hard to perform repair

93
Q

Fibrosis is:

A

the formation of scar tissue

94
Q

2 options if neuron is broken in half and damaged:

A
  • a myolin sheet can grow out past the gap and allow for growth
  • if too wide and myolin sheet can’t reach or takes too long, scar tissue will win and we won’t get repair of neuron
95
Q

what are myolin sheets used for?

A

connectivity

96
Q

3 things younger bodies generally experience:

A
  • better nutritional state
  • better blood supply to tissues
  • faster metabolic rate
97
Q

One adaptive feature of tissues:

A

-a lot of aerobic excercise results in your body creating more blood vessels so that you can get more nutrients and oxygen to working muscles

98
Q

what does aging slow the process of?

A

aging slows process of tissue repair; telomeres with caps to protect DNA wear down and DNA will wear down too.

99
Q

2 things that result in tissues with age:

A
  • stiffening
  • loss of elasticity

IE: proteins and fibers start to degrade=less structure, support, and elasticity

100
Q

in aging, muscle tissues sarcoplasmic reticulum component…

A
  • smooth muscle fiber
  • …sarcoplasmic reticulum component is there to store calcium and pump calcium back into itself; with aging, there’s less storage of calcium and not as much gets pumped back=harder for muscles to contract
101
Q

in aging muscle tissues, is a decrease in mitochondrial protein synthesis:

A
  • mitochondria has own DNA and synthesizes its own proteins

- with aging, less protein in mitochondria=less oxidative in nature

102
Q

in aging muscle tissues, is a decrease in twitch contraction force…

A

-ability for neurons to fire down through neuron to contract muscle and cause fast twitch decrease

103
Q

2 homeostatic imbalance disorders of tissues:

A
  • epithelial

- connective

104
Q

Disorders of epithelial tissue:

A
  • tend to be specific to individual organs

- example=ulcers in stomach

105
Q

Ulcers in stomach are: (3)

A
  • destroying of body tissues and causing an opening in stomach lining
  • ulcers aren’t just an opening, a bacterium enters opening and causes issues
  • most common example: peptic ulcer; in duodenum of small intestine
106
Q

Disorders of connective tissues tend to be:

A
  • autoimmune in nature

- example=lupus

107
Q

in lupus:

A

-in lupus, your own immune system attacks your own organs and tissues

currycurry UNIT ! (11 decks)

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