Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Monosaccharides are:
A
simple sugars that contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms
2
Q
5 Examples of monosaccharides:
A
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Deoxyribose
- Ribose
3
Q
Glucose AKA; Saccharide?
A
Main blood sugar; Monosaccharide
4
Q
Fructose AKA; Saccharide?
A
Fruit sugar; Monosaccharide
5
Q
Galactose AKA; Saccharide?
A
Milk sugar; Monosaccharide
6
Q
Deoxyribose AKA; Saccharide?
A
sugars in DNA; Monosaccharide
7
Q
Ribose AKA; saccharide?
A
sugars in RNA; Monosaccharide
8
Q
Disaccharides are:
A
simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis
9
Q
3 Examples of disaccharides:
A
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
10
Q
Sucrose AKA; Saccharide?
A
Table sugar; disaccharide
11
Q
Lactose AKA; Saccharide?
A
Milk sugar; disaccharide
12
Q
Maltose; saccharide?
A
disaccharide
13
Q
Sucrose is a combination of:
A
Glucose + Fructose
14
Q
Lactose is a combination of:
A
Glucose + Galactose
15
Q
Maltose is a combination of:
A
Glucose + Glucose
16
Q
Polysaccharides are:
A
tens of hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
17
Q
3 examples of polysaccharides:
A
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
18
Q
Glycogen is; Saccharide?
A
Glycogen is a stored form of carbohydrates in animals; polysaccharide
19
Q
Starch is; saccharide?
A
Starch is a stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carbohydrates in food; polysaccharide
20
Q
Cellulose is; saccharide?
A
Cellulose is the part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement of food through intestines; polysaccharide
21
Q
which 2 monosaccharides are pentoses?
A
- Deoxyribose
- Ribose
22
Q
Which 3 monosaccharides are hexoses?
A
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
23
Q
6 type of lipids in the body:
A
- Fatty acids
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Eicosanoids
- Other lipids
24
Q
2 function of fatty acids:
A
- Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids OR
- catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
25
Triglycerides composition and function? (2)
- fats and oils
| - protection, insulation, energy storage
26
Phospholipids:
Major lipid component of cell membranes
27
3 types of steroids:
- cholesterol
- bile salts
- vitamin D
28
Cholesterol steroid (2):
- Minor component of all animal cell membranes
| - precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.
29
Bile salt; type of lipid?
- Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids
| - Steroid
30
Vitamin D (2); type of lipid?
- Helps regulate calcium level in body;
- needed for bone growth and repair.
- Steroid
31
Adrenocortical hormones (3); type of lipid?
- Help regulate metabolism
- Resistance to stress
- salt and water balance.
- Steroid
32
Sex hormones; type of lipid?
- Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
- Steroid
33
Eicosanoids composition (1) and functions (8)?
- prostaglandins and leukotrienes
- Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones
- blood clotting
- inflammation
- immunity
- stomach acid secretion
- airway diameter
- lipid breakdown
- smooth muscle contraction.
34
4 other lips in the body include:
- carotenes
- vitamin E
- vitamin K
- lipoproteins
35
Carotenes (2); type of lipid?
- Needed for synthesis of vitamin A (to make visual pigments in eye);
- function as antioxidants.
-an other lipid
36
Vitamin E (4); type of lipid?
- Promotes wound healing
- prevents tissue scarring
- contributes to normal structure and function of nervous system
- functions as antioxidant.
-an other lipid
37
VItamin K; type of lipid?
- Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins.
| - an other lipid
38
LIpoproteins (3); type of lipid?
- Transport lipids in blood
- Carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues,
- remove excess cholesterol from blood.
-An other lipid
39
2 possible states of fatty acids:
- Saturated
| - Unsaturated
40
Why is there a kink in monounsaturated fatty acids?
There's a double bond between carbons
41
What kinds of fats are solid at room temperature? Examples?
- Saturated fats
| - animal fats, butter
42
3 things triglycerides provide?
- protection
- insulation
- energy
43
3 components of a triglyceride?
- palmitic saturated acid
- stearic saturated acid
- oleic monounsaturated acid
44
Phospholipids are an important component in what?
Phospholipids are an important component of cell membranes
45
Hydrophillic
Water-loving
46
Hydrophobic
Afraid of water
47
6 protein functions:
-Give structure to the body
-regulate processes
-provide protection
-assist in muscle contraction
-transport substances
=serve as enzymes
48
Structural functions of protein
Form structural framework of various parts of body
49
2 regulatory functions of protein:
Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes
- control growth and development
- as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system.
50
Contractile function of protein
Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement
51
Immunological function of protein:
Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens.
52
Transport function of protein:
Carry vital substances throughout body
53
Catalytic function of protein:
Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions.
54
2 examples of contractile proteins:
- myosin
| - actin
55
2 examples of immunological proteins:
- antibodies
| - interleukins
56
protein antibodies:
used to combat different pathogens
57
Protein interleukins:
used for communication
58
Example of transport proteins
-hemoglobin (transports most oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood).
59
Words that end in -ase are what?
Words that end in -ase are enzymes.
60
3 examples of catalytic proteins:
- salivary amylase
- sucrase
- ATPase
61
3 examples of catalytic proteins:
- salivary amylase
- sucrase
- ATPase
62
How are proteins formed:
Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids
63
How are proteins formed:
Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids
64
Monomer for carbohydrates:
monosaccharides
65
Monomer of a protein:
amino acids
66
Primary structure of protein:
Amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain
67
Secondary structure of protein: (2)
- Twisting (alpha helix) and folding (beta-pleated sheet) of neighboring amino acids
- stabilized by hydrogen bonds
68
Tertiary structure of protein:
-three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain
69
Quaternary structure of protein:
-arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains
70
An enzyme is a ____ in a living cell
An enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell
71
3 characteristics of enzymes:
Enzymes are:
- Highly specific
- Extremely efficient
- Subject to cellular controls
72
Step 1 at active site of enzymes:
Enzyme and substrate come together at active site of enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
73
Step 2 at active site of enzymes:
Enzyme catalyzes reaction and transforms substrate into products
74
Step 3 at active site of enzymes:
when reaction is complete, enzyme is unchanged and free to catalyze same reaction again on a new substrate
75
DNA forms the ___ ___in the ____ of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities
DNA forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities
76
What guides protein formation?
RNA guides protein formation
77
Monomer of carbohydrate:
Monosaccharide
78
Monomer of protein:
amino acids
79
Monomer of Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
80
3 components of a nucleotide:
- Phosphate group
- pentose sugar
- nitrogenous base
81
3 Components of a DNA nucleotide:
- phosphate group
- Deoxyribose
- Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, or Guanine
82
3 Components of a RNA nucleotide:
- phosphate group
- Ribose
- Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine, Guanine
83
DNA is made of __ strands in a spiral staircase-like structure called a ___ ____
DNA is made of 2 strands in a spiral staircase-like structure called a double helix
84
Each DNA strand consists of ____ bound together
Each DNA strand consists of nucleotides bound together
85
The ____ ____ pair together through ____ _____ to form the steps of the double helix
The nitrogenous bases pair together through hydrogen bonding to form the steps of the double helix
86
Adenine pairs with ____
Adenine pairs with thymine
87
Guanine pairs with _____
Guanine pairs with cytosine
88
How is DNA copied?
DNA is self replicating
89
How is RNA copied?
RNA is made by using DNA as a blueprint
90
Function of DNA
Encodes information for making proteins.
91
Function of RNA
Carries the genetic code and assists in making proteins.
92
2 types of DNA:
- Nuclear
| - mitochondrial
93
3 types of RNA:
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
94
ATP is the principle ____ ____molecule in the body
ATP is the principal energy-storing molecule in the body
95
All processes that require some kind of energy uses:
ATP
96
ATP cannot be____
ATP cannot be stored
97
2 components of Adenosine:
- Adenine
| - Ribose
98
3 Components of ATP:
- Adenine
- Ribose
- Triphosphate
