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currycurry UNIT ! > Chapter 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Monosaccharides are:

A

simple sugars that contain from 3 to 7 carbon atoms

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2
Q

5 Examples of monosaccharides:

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
  • Deoxyribose
  • Ribose
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3
Q

Glucose AKA; Saccharide?

A

Main blood sugar; Monosaccharide

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4
Q

Fructose AKA; Saccharide?

A

Fruit sugar; Monosaccharide

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5
Q

Galactose AKA; Saccharide?

A

Milk sugar; Monosaccharide

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6
Q

Deoxyribose AKA; Saccharide?

A

sugars in DNA; Monosaccharide

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7
Q

Ribose AKA; saccharide?

A

sugars in RNA; Monosaccharide

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8
Q

Disaccharides are:

A

simple sugars formed from the combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

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9
Q

3 Examples of disaccharides:

A
  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
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10
Q

Sucrose AKA; Saccharide?

A

Table sugar; disaccharide

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11
Q

Lactose AKA; Saccharide?

A

Milk sugar; disaccharide

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12
Q

Maltose; saccharide?

A

disaccharide

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13
Q

Sucrose is a combination of:

A

Glucose + Fructose

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14
Q

Lactose is a combination of:

A

Glucose + Galactose

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15
Q

Maltose is a combination of:

A

Glucose + Glucose

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16
Q

Polysaccharides are:

A

tens of hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

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17
Q

3 examples of polysaccharides:

A
  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
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18
Q

Glycogen is; Saccharide?

A

Glycogen is a stored form of carbohydrates in animals; polysaccharide

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19
Q

Starch is; saccharide?

A

Starch is a stored form of carbohydrates in plants and main carbohydrates in food; polysaccharide

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20
Q

Cellulose is; saccharide?

A

Cellulose is the part of cell walls in plants that cannot be digested by humans but aids movement of food through intestines; polysaccharide

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21
Q

which 2 monosaccharides are pentoses?

A
  • Deoxyribose

- Ribose

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22
Q

Which 3 monosaccharides are hexoses?

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose
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23
Q

6 type of lipids in the body:

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Eicosanoids
  • Other lipids
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24
Q

2 function of fatty acids:

A
  • Used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids OR

- catabolized to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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25
Q

Triglycerides composition and function? (2)

A
  • fats and oils

- protection, insulation, energy storage

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26
Q

Phospholipids:

A

Major lipid component of cell membranes

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27
Q

3 types of steroids:

A
  • cholesterol
  • bile salts
  • vitamin D
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28
Q

Cholesterol steroid (2):

A
  • Minor component of all animal cell membranes

- precursor of bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones.

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29
Q

Bile salt; type of lipid?

A
  • Needed for digestion and absorption of dietary lipids

- Steroid

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30
Q

Vitamin D (2); type of lipid?

A
  • Helps regulate calcium level in body;
  • needed for bone growth and repair.
  • Steroid
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31
Q

Adrenocortical hormones (3); type of lipid?

A
  • Help regulate metabolism
  • Resistance to stress
  • salt and water balance.
  • Steroid
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32
Q

Sex hormones; type of lipid?

A
  • Stimulate reproductive functions and sexual characteristics.
  • Steroid
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33
Q

Eicosanoids composition (1) and functions (8)?

A
  • prostaglandins and leukotrienes
  • Have diverse effects on modifying responses to hormones
  • blood clotting
  • inflammation
  • immunity
  • stomach acid secretion
  • airway diameter
  • lipid breakdown
  • smooth muscle contraction.
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34
Q

4 other lips in the body include:

A
  • carotenes
  • vitamin E
  • vitamin K
  • lipoproteins
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35
Q

Carotenes (2); type of lipid?

A
  • Needed for synthesis of vitamin A (to make visual pigments in eye);
  • function as antioxidants.

-an other lipid

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36
Q

Vitamin E (4); type of lipid?

A
  • Promotes wound healing
  • prevents tissue scarring
  • contributes to normal structure and function of nervous system
  • functions as antioxidant.

-an other lipid

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37
Q

VItamin K; type of lipid?

A
  • Required for synthesis of blood-clotting proteins.

- an other lipid

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38
Q

LIpoproteins (3); type of lipid?

A
  • Transport lipids in blood
  • Carry triglycerides and cholesterol to tissues,
  • remove excess cholesterol from blood.

-An other lipid

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39
Q

2 possible states of fatty acids:

A
  • Saturated

- Unsaturated

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40
Q

Why is there a kink in monounsaturated fatty acids?

A

There’s a double bond between carbons

41
Q

What kinds of fats are solid at room temperature? Examples?

A
  • Saturated fats

- animal fats, butter

42
Q

3 things triglycerides provide?

A
  • protection
  • insulation
  • energy
43
Q

3 components of a triglyceride?

A
  • palmitic saturated acid
  • stearic saturated acid
  • oleic monounsaturated acid
44
Q

Phospholipids are an important component in what?

A

Phospholipids are an important component of cell membranes

45
Q

Hydrophillic

A

Water-loving

46
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Afraid of water

47
Q

6 protein functions:

A

-Give structure to the body
-regulate processes
-provide protection
-assist in muscle contraction
-transport substances
=serve as enzymes

48
Q

Structural functions of protein

A

Form structural framework of various parts of body

49
Q

2 regulatory functions of protein:

A

Function as hormones that regulate various physiological processes

  • control growth and development
  • as neurotransmitters, mediate responses of nervous system.
50
Q

Contractile function of protein

A

Allow shortening of muscle cells, which produces movement

51
Q

Immunological function of protein:

A

Aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens.

52
Q

Transport function of protein:

A

Carry vital substances throughout body

53
Q

Catalytic function of protein:

A

Act as enzymes that regulate biochemical reactions.

54
Q

2 examples of contractile proteins:

A
  • myosin

- actin

55
Q

2 examples of immunological proteins:

A
  • antibodies

- interleukins

56
Q

protein antibodies:

A

used to combat different pathogens

57
Q

Protein interleukins:

A

used for communication

58
Q

Example of transport proteins

A

-hemoglobin (transports most oxygen and some carbon dioxide in blood).

59
Q

Words that end in -ase are what?

A

Words that end in -ase are enzymes.

60
Q

3 examples of catalytic proteins:

A
  • salivary amylase
  • sucrase
  • ATPase
61
Q

3 examples of catalytic proteins:

A
  • salivary amylase
  • sucrase
  • ATPase
62
Q

How are proteins formed:

A

Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids

63
Q

How are proteins formed:

A

Proteins are formed by combining various amino acids

64
Q

Monomer for carbohydrates:

A

monosaccharides

65
Q

Monomer of a protein:

A

amino acids

66
Q

Primary structure of protein:

A

Amino acid sequence in a polypeptide chain

67
Q

Secondary structure of protein: (2)

A
  • Twisting (alpha helix) and folding (beta-pleated sheet) of neighboring amino acids
  • stabilized by hydrogen bonds
68
Q

Tertiary structure of protein:

A

-three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain

69
Q

Quaternary structure of protein:

A

-arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains

70
Q

An enzyme is a ____ in a living cell

A

An enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell

71
Q

3 characteristics of enzymes:

A

Enzymes are:

  • Highly specific
  • Extremely efficient
  • Subject to cellular controls
72
Q

Step 1 at active site of enzymes:

A

Enzyme and substrate come together at active site of enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

73
Q

Step 2 at active site of enzymes:

A

Enzyme catalyzes reaction and transforms substrate into products

74
Q

Step 3 at active site of enzymes:

A

when reaction is complete, enzyme is unchanged and free to catalyze same reaction again on a new substrate

75
Q

DNA forms the ___ ___in the ____ of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities

A

DNA forms the genetic code in the nuclei of body cells and it regulates most of the cell’s activities

76
Q

What guides protein formation?

A

RNA guides protein formation

77
Q

Monomer of carbohydrate:

A

Monosaccharide

78
Q

Monomer of protein:

A

amino acids

79
Q

Monomer of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

80
Q

3 components of a nucleotide:

A
  • Phosphate group
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
81
Q

3 Components of a DNA nucleotide:

A
  • phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose
  • Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine, or Guanine
82
Q

3 Components of a RNA nucleotide:

A
  • phosphate group
  • Ribose
  • Cytosine, Uracil, Adenine, Guanine
83
Q

DNA is made of __ strands in a spiral staircase-like structure called a ___ ____

A

DNA is made of 2 strands in a spiral staircase-like structure called a double helix

84
Q

Each DNA strand consists of ____ bound together

A

Each DNA strand consists of nucleotides bound together

85
Q

The ____ ____ pair together through ____ _____ to form the steps of the double helix

A

The nitrogenous bases pair together through hydrogen bonding to form the steps of the double helix

86
Q

Adenine pairs with ____

A

Adenine pairs with thymine

87
Q

Guanine pairs with _____

A

Guanine pairs with cytosine

88
Q

How is DNA copied?

A

DNA is self replicating

89
Q

How is RNA copied?

A

RNA is made by using DNA as a blueprint

90
Q

Function of DNA

A

Encodes information for making proteins.

91
Q

Function of RNA

A

Carries the genetic code and assists in making proteins.

92
Q

2 types of DNA:

A
  • Nuclear

- mitochondrial

93
Q

3 types of RNA:

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
94
Q

ATP is the principle ____ ____molecule in the body

A

ATP is the principal energy-storing molecule in the body

95
Q

All processes that require some kind of energy uses:

A

ATP

96
Q

ATP cannot be____

A

ATP cannot be stored

97
Q

2 components of Adenosine:

A
  • Adenine

- Ribose

98
Q

3 Components of ATP:

A
  • Adenine
  • Ribose
  • Triphosphate

currycurry UNIT ! (11 decks)

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