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currycurry UNIT ! > Chapter 3 Part 2 lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Part 2 lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Meitosis is cell division. Cell devision is:

A

is a process by which cells reproduce themselves

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2
Q

3 interphase components:

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
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3
Q

4 mitotic phase components:

A
  • Prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
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4
Q

PMAT AKA

A

Mitotic phases

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5
Q

4 components of G1 phase:

A
  • takes 8-10 hours
  • cell metabolically active
  • duplicates organelles and cytosolic components
  • centrosome replication begins
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6
Q

2 components of S phase

A
  • takes 8 hours

- DNA replicated

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7
Q

4 components of G2 phase:

A
  • Takes 4-6 hours
  • cell growth continues
  • enzymes and other proteins are synthesized
  • centrosome replication completed
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8
Q

Mitosis occurs when:

A

Mitosis occurs when the nucleus of a cell divides

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9
Q

Mitosis results in:

A

Mitosis results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei

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10
Q

Mitosis is divided into ____ steps:

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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11
Q

During prophase what happens with chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids and centromeres??

A

During prophase, Chromatin wrap around histone proteins and condenses into chromosomes; which are two sister chromatids joined at centromere

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12
Q

What are chromatins?

A

Stored form of DNA in our genes

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13
Q

3 steps of prophase:

A
  • chromatin condenses into chromosomes
  • nuclear membrane disappears
  • centrosomes move to opposite poles
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14
Q

1 step of metaphase:

A

-centromeres line up at metaphase plate

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15
Q

Metaphase plate AKA

A

Midline

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16
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Kinetochores are a protein on the centrosome

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17
Q

How are mitotic spindles involved during metaphase?

A

mitotic spindles grab onto kinetochore proteins and pull them to line up on the metaphase plate

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18
Q

Chromosome histology appearance in early anaphase:

A

starting to split away from the metaphase plate/midline into sister chromatids

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19
Q

Chromosome histology appearance in late anaphase: (2)

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled apart and start moving toward centromere or polar ends
  • cleavage furrow
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20
Q

What is a cleavage furrow?

A

This furrow is the splitting of the cell itself

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21
Q

What is the cleavage furrow the start of?

A

it is the start of cytokinesis

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22
Q

Mitotic spindles AKA

A

Microtubles

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23
Q

steps of Telophase:

A
  • Mitotic spindles holding onto kinetochores dissolve
  • Chromosomes start to unravel into chromatins
  • New nuclear membrane forms
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24
Q

Nuclear membrane AKA

A

Nuclear envelope

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25
Q

If mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus, cytokinesis is the

A

splitting of the cytoplasm or the cell

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26
Q

What happens after when cytokinesis is complete?

A

Interphase begins

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27
Q

What phase does cytokinesis start?

A

Anaphase

28
Q

How does cytokinesis look in in the first step or anaphase?

A

-There’s a slight cleavage furrow

29
Q

How does cytokinesis/the cell look in the second step or telophase?

A

-Deeper cleavage furrow

30
Q

How do the cells look in in the last step of cytokinesis or interphase?

A
  • two identical cells to the original cells
  • chromatin
  • nuclear envelope
  • centrosomes
31
Q

What are cells that remain in the G1 phase for a long time considered?

A

Considered to be in the G zero phase

32
Q

What forms cleavage furrow?

A

Contractile ring

33
Q

How many cell destinies are there?

A

3 cell destinies

34
Q

What are the 3 cell destinies?

A
  • Remain alive and functioning without dividing (G0 phase)
  • Grow and divide (meitosis)
  • Die (apoptosis or autolysis)

single, family, dead

35
Q

What does G0 do in the cell cycle?

A

G0 exits the cell cycle because it won’t divide anymore

36
Q

Apoptosis cell destiny is for:

A

programmed cell death

37
Q

Autolysis cell destiny is for:

A

damage cell needing to be destroyed

38
Q

DNA replication results in ___chromosomes and ___chromatids:

A

46 Chromosomes and 92 Chromatids

39
Q

How are chromosomes counted?

A

By the number of centromeres

40
Q

What does crossing over allow for?

A

It allows for differences in genetic coding

41
Q

Gametes AKA

A

Sex cells

42
Q

How many chromosomes are in the first step of prophase in meitosis?

A

46 Chromosomes

43
Q

Lined up homologous pairs=

A

Tetrad

44
Q

Tetrad are ___ sets of ____

A

tetrads are 4 sets of chromatids

45
Q

Cells in meitosis telophase vs meiosis telophase

A

-in meitosis there are two identical cells formed while in meiosis, the four cells that are formed are different

46
Q

How many chromosomes exist at the end of telophase 2 in meiosis?

A

23 chromosomes

47
Q

How many chromatids are in prophase in meitosis?

A

96 chromatids because DNA is replicated

48
Q

Prophase 1 in meiosis:

A
  • Chromatins wind up to form chromosomes
  • nuclear envelope dissolved
  • Centrosomes go to opposite ends of cell
  • Mitotic spindles attach to kinetochores
49
Q

Metaphase 1 in meiosis:

A

-mitotic spindles pull on kinetochore to line up homologous pairs along metaphase plate

50
Q

Anaphase 1 in meiosis:

A

-pulling of homologous pairs to separate them

51
Q

Telophase 1 in meiosis: (3)

A
  • splitting of cell
  • development of nuclear envelope
  • dissolving of mitotic spindles
52
Q

How many chromatids are in Prophase 2 in meiosis?

A

46 chromatids

53
Q

After chromatids split in Anaphase 2 in meiosis, how many chromatids will there be?

A

23 chromatids

54
Q

5 examples of genetic diversity:

A
  • sperm cell
  • epithelial cell
  • red blood cell
  • nerve cell
  • smooth muscle cell
55
Q

2 ways our cells deteriorate as we age:

A
  • Our cells gradually deteriorate in their ability to function normally
  • and in their ability to respond to environmental stresses
56
Q

How do the numbers of our cells change as we age?

A

The number of cells decrease as we age

57
Q

How do our tissues deteriorate as we age?

A

We lose the integrity of the extracellular components of our tissues

58
Q

Examples of deterioration as we age:

A
  • Proteins may start to dissolve away

- Our bodies can’t make as many cells

59
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Telomeres are caps at the end of our DNA

60
Q

What are telomeres for?

A

Used to protect DNA

61
Q

How do telomeres deteriorate as we age? and how does that affect DNA?

A

-Degrade and come off and DNA starts to falter

62
Q

5 types of cancer

A
  • Melanoma
  • Sarcoma
  • Osteogenic sarcoma
  • leukemia
  • lymphoma
63
Q

What is cancer and how do tumors form?

A

-growth and spread as signals to stop replicating is inhibited somehow

64
Q

Causes of disorders such as cancer:

A
  • environmental factors
  • genetic factors
  • bad habits like smoking, poor diet and exercise
65
Q

Why is smoking terrible:

A
  • nicotine and tar coats lungs
  • cause bacteria to form
  • genetic disorders occur in cells
  • cause rapid growth and lung cancer
66
Q

How much intense exercise should be aimed for a week?

A

150 minutes a week

67
Q

Treatments of cancer:

A
  • early stages: cut it off

- spread through lymph: radiation

currycurry UNIT ! (11 decks)

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