- chromatin condenses into chromosomes - nuclear membrane disappears - centrosomes move to opposite poles

- Mitotic spindles holding onto kinetochores dissolve - Chromosomes start to unravel into chromatins - New nuclear membrane forms

Chapter 3 Part 2 lecture Flashcards by indefinite chaos

Meitosis is cell division. Cell devision is:

is a process by which cells reproduce themselves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 interphase components:

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 mitotic phase components:

Prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PMAT AKA

Mitotic phases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 components of G1 phase:

takes 8-10 hours
cell metabolically active
duplicates organelles and cytosolic components
centrosome replication begins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 components of S phase

takes 8 hours

- DNA replicated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 components of G2 phase:

Takes 4-6 hours
cell growth continues
enzymes and other proteins are synthesized
centrosome replication completed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mitosis occurs when:

Mitosis occurs when the nucleus of a cell divides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mitosis results in:

Mitosis results in the distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into 2 separate nuclei

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mitosis is divided into ____ steps:

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

During prophase what happens with chromatin, chromosomes, chromatids and centromeres??

During prophase, Chromatin wrap around histone proteins and condenses into chromosomes; which are two sister chromatids joined at centromere

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are chromatins?

Stored form of DNA in our genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 steps of prophase:

chromatin condenses into chromosomes
nuclear membrane disappears
centrosomes move to opposite poles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

1 step of metaphase:

-centromeres line up at metaphase plate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Metaphase plate AKA

Midline

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are kinetochores?

Kinetochores are a protein on the centrosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are mitotic spindles involved during metaphase?

mitotic spindles grab onto kinetochore proteins and pull them to line up on the metaphase plate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chromosome histology appearance in early anaphase:

starting to split away from the metaphase plate/midline into sister chromatids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Chromosome histology appearance in late anaphase: (2)

sister chromatids are pulled apart and start moving toward centromere or polar ends
cleavage furrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a cleavage furrow?

This furrow is the splitting of the cell itself

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the cleavage furrow the start of?

it is the start of cytokinesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mitotic spindles AKA

Microtubles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

steps of Telophase:

Mitotic spindles holding onto kinetochores dissolve
Chromosomes start to unravel into chromatins
New nuclear membrane forms

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nuclear membrane AKA

Nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If mitosis is the splitting of the nucleus, cytokinesis is the

splitting of the cytoplasm or the cell

What happens after when cytokinesis is complete?

Interphase begins

What phase does cytokinesis start?

Anaphase

How does cytokinesis look in in the first step or anaphase?

-There's a slight cleavage furrow

How does cytokinesis/the cell look in the second step or telophase?

-Deeper cleavage furrow

How do the cells look in in the last step of cytokinesis or interphase?

- two identical cells to the original cells - chromatin - nuclear envelope - centrosomes

What are cells that remain in the G1 phase for a long time considered?

Considered to be in the G zero phase

What forms cleavage furrow?

Contractile ring

How many cell destinies are there?

3 cell destinies

What are the 3 cell destinies?

- Remain alive and functioning without dividing (G0 phase) - Grow and divide (meitosis) - Die (apoptosis or autolysis) single, family, dead

What does G0 do in the cell cycle?

G0 exits the cell cycle because it won't divide anymore

Apoptosis cell destiny is for:

programmed cell death

Autolysis cell destiny is for:

damage cell needing to be destroyed

DNA replication results in ___chromosomes and ___chromatids:

46 Chromosomes and 92 Chromatids

How are chromosomes counted?

By the number of centromeres

What does crossing over allow for?

It allows for differences in genetic coding

Gametes AKA

Sex cells

How many chromosomes are in the first step of prophase in meitosis?

46 Chromosomes

Lined up homologous pairs=

Tetrad

Tetrad are ___ sets of ____

tetrads are 4 sets of chromatids

Cells in meitosis telophase vs meiosis telophase

-in meitosis there are two identical cells formed while in meiosis, the four cells that are formed are different

How many chromosomes exist at the end of telophase 2 in meiosis?

23 chromosomes

How many chromatids are in prophase in meitosis?

96 chromatids because DNA is replicated

Prophase 1 in meiosis:

- Chromatins wind up to form chromosomes - nuclear envelope dissolved - Centrosomes go to opposite ends of cell - Mitotic spindles attach to kinetochores

Metaphase 1 in meiosis:

-mitotic spindles pull on kinetochore to line up homologous pairs along metaphase plate

Anaphase 1 in meiosis:

-pulling of homologous pairs to separate them

Telophase 1 in meiosis: (3)

- splitting of cell - development of nuclear envelope - dissolving of mitotic spindles

How many chromatids are in Prophase 2 in meiosis?

46 chromatids

After chromatids split in Anaphase 2 in meiosis, how many chromatids will there be?

23 chromatids

5 examples of genetic diversity:

- sperm cell - epithelial cell - red blood cell - nerve cell - smooth muscle cell

2 ways our cells deteriorate as we age:

- Our cells gradually deteriorate in their ability to function normally - and in their ability to respond to environmental stresses

How do the numbers of our cells change as we age?

The number of cells decrease as we age

How do our tissues deteriorate as we age?

We lose the integrity of the extracellular components of our tissues

Examples of deterioration as we age:

- Proteins may start to dissolve away | - Our bodies can't make as many cells

What are telomeres?

Telomeres are caps at the end of our DNA

What are telomeres for?

Used to protect DNA

How do telomeres deteriorate as we age? and how does that affect DNA?

-Degrade and come off and DNA starts to falter

5 types of cancer

- Melanoma - Sarcoma - Osteogenic sarcoma - leukemia - lymphoma

What is cancer and how do tumors form?

-growth and spread as signals to stop replicating is inhibited somehow

Causes of disorders such as cancer:

- environmental factors - genetic factors - bad habits like smoking, poor diet and exercise

Why is smoking terrible:

- nicotine and tar coats lungs - cause bacteria to form - genetic disorders occur in cells - cause rapid growth and lung cancer

How much intense exercise should be aimed for a week?

150 minutes a week

Treatments of cancer:

- early stages: cut it off | - spread through lymph: radiation