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currycurry UNIT ! > Chapter 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of the chapter is to:

A

Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology

Discuss the organization of the human body

Reveal shared properties of all living things

Discuss the concept of homeostasis

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2
Q

Anatomy is the study of

A

…The study of structure

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3
Q

Physiology is the study of how

A

…The study of how body parts function

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4
Q

Embryology

A

The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.

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5
Q

Developmental biology

A

The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.

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6
Q

Cell biology

A

Cellular structure and functions.

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7
Q

Histology

A

Microscopic structure of tissues.

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8
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Structures that can be examined without a microscope.

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9
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.

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10
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.

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11
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).

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12
Q

Imaging anatomy

A

Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as
x-rays,
MRI,
CT scans,
and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.

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13
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

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14
Q

Molecular physiology

A

Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.

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15
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Functional properties of nerve cells.

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16
Q

Endocrinology

A

Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.

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17
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

Functions of the heart and blood vessels.

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18
Q

Immunology

A

The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.

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19
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

Functions of the air passageways and lungs

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20
Q

Renal physiology

A

Functions of the kidneys.

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21
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.

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22
Q

Pathophysiology

A

Functional changes associated with disease and aging.

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23
Q

6 levels of structural organization

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. System level
  6. Organismal
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24
Q

11 systems of the human body are:

A 
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic/immune
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
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25
Q

6 Integumentary system components

A 
Skin
hair
fingernails
toenails
sweat glands
oil glands
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26
Q

7 Integumentary system functions

A
  • protects body
  • regulate body temperature
  • eliminates some wastes
  • helps make vitamin D
  • detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold)
  • stores fat
  • provides insulation
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27
Q

3 Skeletal system components

A
  • bones
  • joints
  • associated cartilages
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28
Q

6 skeletal system functions

A

-supports and protects body
-provides surface area for muscle
attachments
-aids body movements
-houses cells that produce blood cells
-stores minerals and lipids (fats).

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29
Q

3 muscular system components

A
  • Skeletal muscle tissue; usually attached to bones
  • smooth tissue
  • cardiac tissue
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30
Q

3 muscular system functions

A
  • participates in body movement like walking
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
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31
Q

4 nervous system components

A
  • Brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
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32
Q

5 nervous system functions

A
  • generate action potentials (nerve impulses)
  • to regulate body activities; -detects changes in internal and external environments
  • interprets changes and
  • responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
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33
Q

10 endocrine system components

A

Hormone-producing glands:

  • pineal gland
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • thymus
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
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34
Q

2 endocrine system functions

A
  • Regulates body activities by releasing hormones

- Chemical messengers transported in blood form endocrine gland or tissue to target organ

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35
Q

3 Cardiovascular system components

A
  • Blood
  • heart
  • blood vessels
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36
Q

3 cardiovascular system functions

A
  • Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
  • blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
  • blood carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance
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37
Q

6 Lymphatic system components

A
  • Lymphatic fluid and vessels
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
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38
Q

3 lymphatic system functions:

A
  • Returns proteins and fluid to blood
  • carries lipids form GI tract to blood
  • contains sites of maturation and proliferation of b cells and t cells protecting against disease causing microbes
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39
Q

5 respiratory system components

A
  • Lungs and air passageways:
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs
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40
Q

Pharynx aka

A

throat aka

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41
Q

larynx aka

A

voice box aka

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42
Q

trachea aka

A

windpipe aka

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43
Q

3 respiratory system functions

A
  • Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
  • helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
  • air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
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44
Q

10 digestive system components:

A 
Organs of gastrointestinal  tract:
-a long tube that includes the mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus 
-stomach
-small and large intestines, -anus
also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as:
-salivary glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
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45
Q

3 Digestive system functions:

A
  • Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
  • absorbs nutrients
  • eliminates solid wastes
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46
Q

4 urinary system components:

A
  • Kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra.
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47
Q

5 urinary system functions

A
  • Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
  • eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  • helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids
  • maintains body’s mineral balance
  • helps regulate production of RBCs
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48
Q

5 female reproductive system components:

A
  • ovaries
  • fallopian tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • mammary glands
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49
Q

6 male reproductive system components:

A
  • Gonads
  • Epididymus
  • Vas deferens
  • seminal vesicles
  • Prostate
  • penis
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50
Q

2 female reproductive system functions:

A
  • ovaries produce oocytes that unite to form a new organism

- mammary glands produce milk

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51
Q

oocyte

A

immature egg cell

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52
Q

3 male reproductive system functions

A
  • gonads produce sperm that unite to form new organism
  • gonads release hormones to regulate reproduction and other processes
  • transport and store gametes
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53
Q

female gametes aka

A

oocytes aka

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54
Q

male gametes aka

A

sperm aka

55
Q

6 Basic Life Processes

A
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Differentiation
  • Reproduction
56
Q

all living things have certain characteristics distinguishing them from

A

non living things

57
Q

Homeostasis:

A

is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment

58
Q

Homeostasis is maintained by:

A

maintained by the body’s regulatory processes

59
Q

The survival of our body cells is dependent on:

A

dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid (extracellular fluid)

60
Q

Extracellular fluid is:

A

-fluid outside of the cell and blood plasma

61
Q

Components of a feedback loop: (6)

A
  • Stimulus: disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing
  • Controlled condition monitored by
  • Receptors; input: send nerve impulses or chemical signals to
  • Control center; output: receives input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to
  • effectors: bring about a change; response that alters controlled condition
  • return to homeostasis when response bring the controlled condition back to normal
62
Q

Negative feedback loops:

A

reverse the change identified

63
Q

Negative feedback loop; high blood pressure (7)

A

-Stimulus: disrupts by increasing
-controlled condition: blood pressure
-receptor: baroreceptors in certain blood vessels
input=nerve impulses
-control center: brain
output=nerve impulses
-effector: heart & vessels
-response: decrease in heart rate and dilation of vessels cause BP to decrease
-return to homeostasis when response bring BP back to normal

64
Q

Positive feedback loop:

A

Enhances stimuli/change identified

65
Q

Positive feedback loop; childbirth (8)

A

-Contractions of wall of uterus forces baby’s head into cervix
-controlled condition: stretching of cervix
-receptors: stretch sensitive nerve cells in cervix
input=nerve impulses
-control center: brain
output=brain interprets input and releases oxytocin
-effectors: muscles in wall of uterus
-contract more forcefully
-response: baby’s body stretches cervix more; interruption of cycle: The birth of baby decreases stretching of cervix, thus breaking positive feedback cycle
-increased stretching of cervix causes release of more oxytocin=more stretching of cervix

66
Q

Disrupting homeostasis may result in: (3)

A
  • disease
  • disorder
  • death
67
Q

4 factors affecting health:

A
  • genetic make up
  • air you breathe
  • food you eat
  • thoughts you think
68
Q

5 types of anatomical terminology:

A
  • Body positions
  • Regional names
  • Directional terms
  • Planes and sections
  • Body cavities
69
Q

Anatomical Position method:

A

standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference

70
Q

Anatomical position: (4)

A
  • Person stands erect facing the observer
  • upper extremities placed at the sides
  • palms of hands are turned forward
  • feet are flat on the floor
71
Q

Regional names are given to:

A

names given to specific regions of the body for reference

72
Q

Directional terms used to:

A

Directional terms used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another

73
Q

Superior:

A

toward head or upper part of structure

74
Q

inferior

A

away from head or lower part of a structure

75
Q

anterior

A

nearer to or at front of body

76
Q

posterior

A

nearer to or at back of body

77
Q

medial

A

nearer to midline (dividing body into right and left sides)e

78
Q

The heart is____to the liver

A

The heart is superior to the liver.

79
Q

The stomach is___to the lungs

A

The stomach is inferior to the lungs.

80
Q

The sternum is___to the heart

A

The sternum is anterior to the heart

81
Q

The esophagus is___to the trachea

A

The esophagus is posterior to the trachea

82
Q

The ulna is___to the radius

A

The ulna is medial to the radius

83
Q

The lungs are___to the heart.

A

The lungs are lateral to the heart.

84
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure.

85
Q

contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure.

86
Q

proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

87
Q

proximal

A

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.

88
Q

The lungs are___to the heart.

A

The lungs are lateral to the heart.

89
Q

The transverse colon is

____ to the ascending and descending colons.

A

The transverse colon is

intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.

90
Q

The gallbladder and ascending colon are _____.

A

The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral.

91
Q

The ascending and descending

colons are_____.

A

The ascending and descending

colons are contralateral.

92
Q

The humerus (arm bone) is _____ to the radius.

A

The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.

93
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.

94
Q

Superficial

A

Toward or on the surface of the body.

95
Q

Deep

A

Away from the surface of the body.

96
Q

The phalanges are ____ to the carpals

A

The phalanges are distal to the carpals

97
Q

The ribs are___to the lungs

A

The ribs are superficial to the lungs

98
Q

The ribs are___to the skin of the chest and back

A

The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back

99
Q

In humans, anterior and ventral mean:

A

The same thing

100
Q

In animals, ventral refers to the _____ _____ and is _____.

A

In animals, ventral refers to the belly side and is therefore inferior.

101
Q

In humans, posterior and dorsal mean:

A

The same thing

102
Q

In animals, ___refers to the ____ ____ and is _____.

A

In animals, dorsal refers to the back side and is therefore superior.

103
Q

Planes are:

A

imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body

104
Q

Cranial cavity is formed by:

A

Cranial cavity is formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

105
Q

Vertebral canal is formed by:

A

The vertebral cavity is formed by the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

106
Q

Thoracic cavity contains 3 cavities:

A
  • Pleural cavity
  • Pericardial cavity
  • Mediastinum
107
Q

Pleural cavity:

A

potential space between layers of pleura that surrounds a lung

108
Q

Pericardial cavity:

A

A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart

109
Q

3 things about mediastinum:

A
  • Central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs
  • extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm
  • contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels
110
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity contains 2 cavities:

A
  • Abdominal cavity

- Pelvic cavity

111
Q

7 components in abdominal cavity

A

contains:

  • stomach
  • spleen
  • liver
  • gallbladder,
  • small intestine
  • most of large intestine
  • serous membrane
112
Q

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity:

A

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the Peritoneum

113
Q

Pelvic cavity: (3)

A

Contains:

  • urinary bladder
  • portions of large intestine
  • internal organs of reproduction
114
Q

Serous membranes are:

A

thin, double-layered membranes that:

  • cover viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • lines the walls of thorax and abdomen
115
Q

Visceral layer are walls of:

A

visceral layers are walls of the organ

116
Q

Parietal layer are walls of:

A

Parietal layers are walls of the cavity

117
Q

Serous membranes reduce:

A

Serous membranes reduce friction

118
Q

2 serous membranes in thoracic cavity:

A
  • pericardium

- pleura

119
Q

Visceral pleura is on___:

A

Visceral pleura is on the lung

120
Q

Parietal pleura is on___:

A

Parietal pleura is on the cavity

121
Q

Pericardium: is where

A

pericardium surrounds the heart

122
Q

Visceral pericardium is on:

A

Visceral pericardium is on the heart

123
Q

Parietal pericardium is on:

A

parietal pericardium is on the heart

124
Q

Pleura: is where

A

pleura surrounds the lungs

125
Q

What covers many abdominal organs:

A

The peritoneum covers many abdominal organs

126
Q

Retroperitoneal: (2)

A
  • classification of some organs because they aren’t surrounded by peritoneum
  • they are posterior to it
127
Q

7 retroperitoneal organs:

A
  • Ascending & descending colons
  • kidneys
  • adrenal glands
  • duodenum
  • pancreas
  • portions of aorta
  • inferior vena cava
128
Q

The abdominal cavity can be divide into 2 ways:

A
  • regions

- quadrants

129
Q

3 Right abdominal cavity regions:

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • right lumbar region
  • right inguinal region
130
Q

3 middle abdominal cavity regions:

A
  • epigastric region
  • umbilical region
  • hypogastric region
131
Q

3 Left abdominal cavity regions:

A
  • left hypochondriac region
  • left lumbar region
  • left inguinal region
132
Q

2 vertical lines separating abdominal cavity regions:

A

Right and Left midclavicular lines

133
Q

2 horizontal lines separating abdominal cavity regions:

A
  • subcoastal line

- transtubercular line

134
Q

Medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to: (2)

A
  • view images of human body

- diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities

currycurry UNIT ! (11 decks)

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