Chapter 1 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
The purpose of the chapter is to:
A
Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology
Discuss the organization of the human body
Reveal shared properties of all living things
Discuss the concept of homeostasis
2
Q
Anatomy is the study of
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…The study of structure
3
Q
Physiology is the study of how
A
…The study of how body parts function
4
Q
Embryology
A
The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
5
Q
Developmental biology
A
The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
6
Q
Cell biology
A
Cellular structure and functions.
7
Q
Histology
A
Microscopic structure of tissues.
8
Q
Gross anatomy
A
Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
9
Q
Systemic anatomy
A
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
10
Q
Regional anatomy
A
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
11
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).
12
Q
Imaging anatomy
A
Internal body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as
x-rays,
MRI,
CT scans,
and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.
13
Q
Pathological anatomy
A
Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
14
Q
Molecular physiology
A
Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
15
Q
Neurophysiology
A
Functional properties of nerve cells.
16
Q
Endocrinology
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Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
17
Q
Cardiovascular physiology
A
Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
18
Q
Immunology
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The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
19
Q
Respiratory physiology
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Functions of the air passageways and lungs
20
Q
Renal physiology
A
Functions of the kidneys.
21
Q
Exercise physiology
A
Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
22
Q
Pathophysiology
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Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
23
Q
6 levels of structural organization
A
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismal
24
Q
11 systems of the human body are:
A
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic/immune respiratory digestive urinary reproductive
25
6 Integumentary system components
```
Skin
hair
fingernails
toenails
sweat glands
oil glands
```
26
7 Integumentary system functions
- protects body
- regulate body temperature
- eliminates some wastes
- helps make vitamin D
- detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold)
- stores fat
- provides insulation
27
3 Skeletal system components
- bones
- joints
- associated cartilages
28
6 skeletal system functions
-supports and protects body
-provides surface area for muscle
attachments
-aids body movements
-houses cells that produce blood cells
-stores minerals and lipids (fats).
29
3 muscular system components
- Skeletal muscle tissue; usually attached to bones
- smooth tissue
- cardiac tissue
30
3 muscular system functions
- participates in body movement like walking
- maintains posture
- produces heat
31
4 nervous system components
- Brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- special sense organs, such as eyes and ears.
32
5 nervous system functions
- generate action potentials (nerve impulses)
- to regulate body activities; -detects changes in internal and external environments
- interprets changes and
- responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
33
10 endocrine system components
Hormone-producing glands:
- pineal gland
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- thymus
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
34
2 endocrine system functions
- Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
| - Chemical messengers transported in blood form endocrine gland or tissue to target organ
35
3 Cardiovascular system components
- Blood
- heart
- blood vessels
36
3 cardiovascular system functions
- Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
- blood carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance
37
6 Lymphatic system components
- Lymphatic fluid and vessels
- spleen
- thymus
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
38
3 lymphatic system functions:
- Returns proteins and fluid to blood
- carries lipids form GI tract to blood
- contains sites of maturation and proliferation of b cells and t cells protecting against disease causing microbes
39
5 respiratory system components
- Lungs and air passageways:
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tubes leading into and out of lungs
40
Pharynx aka
throat aka
41
larynx aka
voice box aka
42
trachea aka
windpipe aka
43
3 respiratory system functions
- Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
- helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
- air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
44
10 digestive system components:
```
Organs of gastrointestinal tract:
-a long tube that includes the mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small and large intestines, -anus
also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as:
-salivary glands
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
```
45
3 Digestive system functions:
- Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
- absorbs nutrients
- eliminates solid wastes
46
4 urinary system components:
- Kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra.
47
5 urinary system functions
- Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
- eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids
- maintains body's mineral balance
- helps regulate production of RBCs
48
5 female reproductive system components:
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- mammary glands
49
6 male reproductive system components:
- Gonads
- Epididymus
- Vas deferens
- seminal vesicles
- Prostate
- penis
50
2 female reproductive system functions:
- ovaries produce oocytes that unite to form a new organism
| - mammary glands produce milk
51
oocyte
immature egg cell
52
3 male reproductive system functions
- gonads produce sperm that unite to form new organism
- gonads release hormones to regulate reproduction and other processes
- transport and store gametes
53
female gametes aka
oocytes aka
54
male gametes aka
sperm aka
55
6 Basic Life Processes
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
56
all living things have certain characteristics distinguishing them from
non living things
57
Homeostasis:
is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
58
Homeostasis is maintained by:
maintained by the body’s regulatory processes
59
The survival of our body cells is dependent on:
dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid (extracellular fluid)
60
Extracellular fluid is:
-fluid outside of the cell and blood plasma
61
Components of a feedback loop: (6)
- Stimulus: disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing
- Controlled condition monitored by
- Receptors; input: send nerve impulses or chemical signals to
- Control center; output: receives input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to
- effectors: bring about a change; response that alters controlled condition
- return to homeostasis when response bring the controlled condition back to normal
62
Negative feedback loops:
reverse the change identified
63
Negative feedback loop; high blood pressure (7)
-Stimulus: disrupts by increasing
-controlled condition: blood pressure
-receptor: baroreceptors in certain blood vessels
input=nerve impulses
-control center: brain
output=nerve impulses
-effector: heart & vessels
-response: decrease in heart rate and dilation of vessels cause BP to decrease
-return to homeostasis when response bring BP back to normal
64
Positive feedback loop:
Enhances stimuli/change identified
65
Positive feedback loop; childbirth (8)
-Contractions of wall of uterus forces baby's head into cervix
-controlled condition: stretching of cervix
-receptors: stretch sensitive nerve cells in cervix
input=nerve impulses
-control center: brain
output=brain interprets input and releases oxytocin
-effectors: muscles in wall of uterus
-contract more forcefully
-response: baby's body stretches cervix more; interruption of cycle: The birth of baby decreases stretching of cervix, thus breaking positive feedback cycle
-increased stretching of cervix causes release of more oxytocin=more stretching of cervix
66
Disrupting homeostasis may result in: (3)
- disease
- disorder
- death
67
4 factors affecting health:
- genetic make up
- air you breathe
- food you eat
- thoughts you think
68
5 types of anatomical terminology:
- Body positions
- Regional names
- Directional terms
- Planes and sections
- Body cavities
69
Anatomical Position method:
standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference
70
Anatomical position: (4)
- Person stands erect facing the observer
- upper extremities placed at the sides
- palms of hands are turned forward
- feet are flat on the floor
71
Regional names are given to:
names given to specific regions of the body for reference
72
Directional terms used to:
Directional terms used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
73
Superior:
toward head or upper part of structure
74
inferior
away from head or lower part of a structure
75
anterior
nearer to or at front of body
76
posterior
nearer to or at back of body
77
medial
nearer to midline (dividing body into right and left sides)e
78
The heart is____to the liver
The heart is superior to the liver.
79
The stomach is___to the lungs
The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
80
The sternum is___to the heart
The sternum is anterior to the heart
81
The esophagus is___to the trachea
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea
82
The ulna is___to the radius
The ulna is medial to the radius
83
The lungs are___to the heart.
The lungs are lateral to the heart.
84
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as another structure.
85
contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
86
proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
87
proximal
Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
88
The lungs are___to the heart.
The lungs are lateral to the heart.
89
The transverse colon is
| ____ to the ascending and descending colons.
The transverse colon is
| intermediate to the ascending and descending colons.
90
The gallbladder and ascending colon are _____.
The gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral.
91
The ascending and descending
| colons are_____.
The ascending and descending
| colons are contralateral.
92
The humerus (arm bone) is _____ to the radius.
The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius.
93
Distal
Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
94
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body.
95
Deep
Away from the surface of the body.
96
The phalanges are ____ to the carpals
The phalanges are distal to the carpals
97
The ribs are___to the lungs
The ribs are superficial to the lungs
98
The ribs are___to the skin of the chest and back
The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
99
In humans, anterior and ventral mean:
The same thing
100
In animals, ventral refers to the _____ _____ and is _____.
In animals, ventral refers to the belly side and is therefore inferior.
101
In humans, posterior and dorsal mean:
The same thing
102
In animals, ___refers to the ____ ____ and is _____.
In animals, dorsal refers to the back side and is therefore superior.
103
Planes are:
imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body
104
Cranial cavity is formed by:
Cranial cavity is formed by cranial bones and contains the brain
105
Vertebral canal is formed by:
The vertebral cavity is formed by the vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
106
Thoracic cavity contains 3 cavities:
- Pleural cavity
- Pericardial cavity
- Mediastinum
107
Pleural cavity:
potential space between layers of pleura that surrounds a lung
108
Pericardial cavity:
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart
109
3 things about mediastinum:
- Central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs
- extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm
- contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and large blood vessels
110
Abdominopelvic cavity contains 2 cavities:
- Abdominal cavity
| - Pelvic cavity
111
7 components in abdominal cavity
contains:
- stomach
- spleen
- liver
- gallbladder,
- small intestine
- most of large intestine
- serous membrane
112
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity:
The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the Peritoneum
113
Pelvic cavity: (3)
Contains:
- urinary bladder
- portions of large intestine
- internal organs of reproduction
114
Serous membranes are:
thin, double-layered membranes that:
- cover viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- lines the walls of thorax and abdomen
115
Visceral layer are walls of:
visceral layers are walls of the organ
116
Parietal layer are walls of:
Parietal layers are walls of the cavity
117
Serous membranes reduce:
Serous membranes reduce friction
118
2 serous membranes in thoracic cavity:
- pericardium
| - pleura
119
Visceral pleura is on___:
Visceral pleura is on the lung
120
Parietal pleura is on___:
Parietal pleura is on the cavity
121
Pericardium: is where
pericardium surrounds the heart
122
Visceral pericardium is on:
Visceral pericardium is on the heart
123
Parietal pericardium is on:
parietal pericardium is on the heart
124
Pleura: is where
pleura surrounds the lungs
125
What covers many abdominal organs:
The peritoneum covers many abdominal organs
126
Retroperitoneal: (2)
- classification of some organs because they aren't surrounded by peritoneum
- they are posterior to it
127
7 retroperitoneal organs:
- Ascending & descending colons
- kidneys
- adrenal glands
- duodenum
- pancreas
- portions of aorta
- inferior vena cava
128
The abdominal cavity can be divide into 2 ways:
- regions
| - quadrants
129
3 Right abdominal cavity regions:
- right hypochondriac
- right lumbar region
- right inguinal region
130
3 middle abdominal cavity regions:
- epigastric region
- umbilical region
- hypogastric region
131
3 Left abdominal cavity regions:
- left hypochondriac region
- left lumbar region
- left inguinal region
132
2 vertical lines separating abdominal cavity regions:
Right and Left midclavicular lines
133
2 horizontal lines separating abdominal cavity regions:
- subcoastal line
| - transtubercular line
134
Medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to: (2)
- view images of human body
| - diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities
