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currycurry UNIT ! > Chapter 4 Part 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Part 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

This chapter is to learn about tissues and their

A

origins

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2
Q

This chapter is to discuss how cells of a tissue are ___ ____

A

Held together

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3
Q

This chapter will compare 4 tissue types including:

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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4
Q

This chapter will cover the structure and function of ____

A

membranes

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5
Q

We are to understand tissue repair

A

understand tissue repair

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6
Q

What is a tissue:

A

A tissue is a group of cells that have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities

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7
Q

How many types of basic tissues are there and how are they categorized?

A
  • 4 types of tissues

- categorized according to structure and function

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • muscular tissue
  • nervous tissue
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9
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue and 4 places epithelial it can be found?

A
  • all over
  • on our membranes
  • mucus membrane; trachea gets external air
  • skin; open to enviornment
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10
Q

places connective tissue can be found

A
  • has no outer portion

- big role: protection and supplies tissue with blood

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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12
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of:

A

-everything from central and peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

2 facts about cell junctions:

A
  • Cells can be held together in a number of ways

- points of contact are called cell junctions

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14
Q

Function of cell basement membranes:

A

-hold cells to a point; keep it anchored

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15
Q

3 components of Tight Junctions:

A 
-Adjacent plasma 
    membrane
-Intercellular space
-Strands of transmembrane 
    proteins
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16
Q

Tight junction function:

A

-keep cells close together so nothing comes between them; no leakage

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17
Q

Example of a tight junciton location:

A
  • Epidermis
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
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18
Q

5 components of adheren junctions:

A
  • Adjacent plasma membranes
  • microfilament; actin
  • plaque
  • transmembrane proteins (cadherin)
  • intercellular space
  • adhesion belt
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19
Q

adheren junctions are seen in muscles that are _____

A

contracting; where a lot of movement occurs

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20
Q

Example of adheren junction location:

A

-small intestine; it contracts to move food through system

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21
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins in adheren junctions are called:

A

Cadherins

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22
Q

What are desmosomes attached to?

A

Intermediate filaments

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments in desmosomes are called:

A

Keratin

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24
Q

Cadherins are present in what junctions?

A
  • adheren junctions

- desmosomes

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25
Q

Desmosomes are used in places where and why:

A
  • Theres a lot of tension

- welding more efficient to hold cells together even with tension

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26
Q

6 components of desmosomes:

A
  • adjacent plasma membranes
  • intercellular space
  • plaque
  • transmembrane
  • glycoproteins (cadherin)
  • Intermediate filament (keratin)
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27
Q

hemidesmosome transmembrane glycoproteins called:

A

Integrin

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28
Q

Where are transmembrane glycoproteins (integrins) found in hemidesmosomes?

A

In extracellular space

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29
Q

Function of Integrins in hemidesmosomes?

A

Bind the cell to basement membrane

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30
Q

6 components of hemidesmosomes

A
  • Intermediate filament (keratin)
  • plaque
  • transmembrane
  • glypoprotein (integrin) in extracellular space
  • plasma membrane
  • basement membrane
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31
Q

What do gap junctions allow?

A

gap junctions allow things to pass from one over to the next

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32
Q

3 things gap junctions allow:

A
  • allow ions to pass from one cell to the next
  • allow nutrients to move through
  • allow substances to move through
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33
Q

Gap junctions are a space for what?

A

Gap junctions are a space for communications between cells

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34
Q

3 Gap junction comonents:

A
  • adjacent plasma membranes
  • connexons
  • gap between cells
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35
Q

Connexons in gap junctions are composed of:

A

Connexins

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36
Q

Differences in blood vessels between epithelial and connective tissue:

A

-epithelial tissue doesn’t have blood vessels running through; connective tissue does (epithelial is avascular)

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37
Q

How does avascular epithelial tissue get nutrients?

A

It gets it from the connective tissue deep to it

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38
Q

In epithelial tissue, cells are arranged

A

in sheets and are densely packed

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39
Q

in epithelial tissue, many ___ junctions are present

A

in epithelial tissue, many cell junctions are present

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40
Q

in epithelial tissue cells attach to:

A

cells attach to basement membrane

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41
Q

Epithelial tissue is avascular but…

A

…does have blood supply

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42
Q

How often does mitosis occur in epithelial tissue?

A

mitosis occurs frequently

43
Q

Why is the GI tract more on the outside than the inside?

A

this is because it’s always going to be open to the external enviornment

44
Q

How and why does your skin slough off?

A
  • only cells next to basement membrane, next to the connective tissue, are getting supplied with nutrients
  • as skin cells grow and reproduce, it pushes cells more and more superficial and as they get further and further away from the connective tissue, they get further and further away from nutrients so they die and brush off
45
Q

3 reasons mitosis occur frequently in epithelial tissue:

A
  • it’s used for protection all the time and gets damaged often
  • avascular so it dies often
46
Q

What is the lumen in the small intestine?

A

-The hollow space in the middle of the small intestine

47
Q

What is the apical surface of the skin?

A

-the layer of cells exposed to the environment

48
Q

What is the apical surface of the small intestine?

A

-the layer of cells exposed to the lumen

49
Q

What does the basal surface of epithelial cells connect to?

A

the basement membrane

50
Q

Epithelium is used

A
  • protection
  • filtration
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • excretion
51
Q

2 ways covering and lining of epithelia are classified:

A
  • classified according to shape of cells and

- how many layers thick they are

52
Q

3 classifications of epithelial tissue by layers:

A
  • Simple
  • Psuedostratified
  • Stratified
53
Q

Simple epithelial tissue:

A

-no stacking; one layer of cells

54
Q

Pseudostratified epithelial tissue:

A

-false stratified; cells may looked stacked but aren’t.

55
Q

Stratified epithelial tissue (2):

A
  • stacked on top of eachother on top of basement membrane

- looks like columnar but nucleus are in different positions

56
Q

3 classifications of epithelial tissue by cell shape:

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
57
Q

squamous epithelial tissue:

A

-thin; kind of looks like cigar from side

58
Q

cuboidal epithelial tissue:

A

-cubed; square shape w/ nucleus in middle

59
Q

columnar epithelial tissue:

A

-column shaped cells

60
Q

5 basic functions, composition and why:

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • filtration
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • one layer so stuff can easily get in and out
  • easy diffusion of solvent or solutes
61
Q

composition and basic functions of pseudostratified epithelial tissue:

A

-simple because it’s one cell layer; but may contain cilia or goblet cells that produce mucus for excretion

62
Q

Basic functions of stratified epithelial tissue:

A
  • two or more layers to protect from wear and tear

- present in skin, esophagus

63
Q

Squamous epithelial cell structure and function

A

-flat; allows for rapid passage and easy diffusion

64
Q

cuboidal epithelial cell structure and function:

A
  • may have microvilli for increased surface area

- can aid in secretion and absorption

65
Q

columnar epithelial cell structure and function:

A
  • may have microvilli or cilia

- can aid in secretion and absorption

66
Q

What does the name of specific type of stratified epithelial tissue depend on?

A

Depends on the shape of the apical cells

67
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

-real thin so things can easily diffuse across

68
Q

Function of microvilli:

A

increase surface area

69
Q

A gland is:

A

a gland is a single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

70
Q

Secretions of endocrine glands:

A

enter interstitial fluid and diffuse into bloodstream

71
Q

Secretions of exocrine glands:

A

enter ducts that empty onto surface of a covering epithelium like skin surface or lumen of stomach

72
Q

Name of secretions for endocrine glands:

A

Hormones

73
Q

Endocrine gland description:

A

-hormones enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse into bloodstream without flowing through ducts

74
Q

8 endocrine gland locations:

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid and parathyroid gland
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • thymus
75
Q

Pituitary gland location:

A

base of brain

76
Q

Pineal gland location:

A

in brain

77
Q

thyroid and parathyroid location:

A

near larynx or voice box

78
Q

adrenal gland location:

A

superior to kidneys

79
Q

pancreas location

A

near stomach

80
Q

ovaries location

A

pelvic cavity

81
Q

testes location

A

scrotum

82
Q

thymus location

A

thoracic cavity

83
Q

Endocrine gland function:

A

hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis

84
Q

Exocrine gland description:

A

secretory products released into ducts that empty onto surface or covering and lining epithelium like skin or lumen of hollow organ

85
Q

Exocrine glands in skin:

A
  • sweat
  • oil
  • earwax
86
Q

2 digestive exocrine glands and where they secrete:

A
  • salivary glands; secrete into mouth cavity

- pancreas; secrete into small intestine

87
Q

Pancreas endocrine vs exocrine glands:

A
  • endocrine: insulin into the blood

- exocrine: pancreatic. lipase to breakdown fats

88
Q

5 exocrine gland functions:

A

Produce substances like

  • sweat to help lower body temperature
  • oil for protection
  • earwax for protection
  • saliva for protection & digestion
  • digestive enzymes
89
Q

3 unicellular and singular cells:

A
  • goblet cells

- columnar or pseudostratified epithelial tissue

90
Q

multicellular glandular epithelium is composed of:

A

many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ

91
Q

3 examples of multicellular glands:

A
  • sweat glands
  • oil glands
  • salivary glands
92
Q

3 variations of multicellular exocrine glands:

A
  • simple
  • branched
  • coiled
93
Q

3 functional classifications of glandular epithelium:

A
  • merocrine
  • apocrine
  • holocrine
94
Q

Merocrine secretions are the most common for ____ glands.

A

-exocrine glands

95
Q

Merocrine secretion from which gland?

A

Salivary gland

96
Q

Apocrine secretion from which gland?

A

Mammary gland

97
Q

Holocrine secretion from which gland?

A

Sebaceous oil gland

98
Q

3 components of salivary gland merocrine secretion:

A
  • secretion
  • secretory vesicle
  • golgi complex
99
Q

1 component of mammary gland apocrine secretion

A

-pinched off portion of cell is secretion

100
Q

2 components of sebaceous gland holocrine solution:

A
  • mature cell dies and becomes secretory vesicle

- cell division replaces lost cell

101
Q

What happens during holocrine secretion?

A

Golgi complex goes to secretory vesicle in secretion

102
Q

What happens during apocrine secretion?

A

-cell will break apart and seperate

103
Q

What happens during merocrine secretion?

A
  • Making it HOLO; cells explode
  • Substances to secrete will accumulate and release
  • as it release it will explode and cell will die

currycurry UNIT ! (11 decks)

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