Chapter 4 Part 1 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
This chapter is to learn about tissues and their
A
origins
2
Q
This chapter is to discuss how cells of a tissue are ___ ____
A
Held together
3
Q
This chapter will compare 4 tissue types including:
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
4
Q
This chapter will cover the structure and function of ____
A
membranes
5
Q
We are to understand tissue repair
A
understand tissue repair
6
Q
What is a tissue:
A
A tissue is a group of cells that have a common embryonic origin and function together to carry out specialized activities
7
Q
How many types of basic tissues are there and how are they categorized?
A
- 4 types of tissues
- categorized according to structure and function
8
Q
What are the 4 types of tissues?
A
- Epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscular tissue
- nervous tissue
9
Q
characteristics of epithelial tissue and 4 places epithelial it can be found?
A
- all over
- on our membranes
- mucus membrane; trachea gets external air
- skin; open to enviornment
10
Q
places connective tissue can be found
A
- has no outer portion
- big role: protection and supplies tissue with blood
11
Q
What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?
A
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
12
Q
What does nervous tissue consist of:
A
-everything from central and peripheral nervous system
13
Q
2 facts about cell junctions:
A
- Cells can be held together in a number of ways
- points of contact are called cell junctions
14
Q
Function of cell basement membranes:
A
-hold cells to a point; keep it anchored
15
Q
3 components of Tight Junctions:
A
-Adjacent plasma
membrane
-Intercellular space
-Strands of transmembrane
proteins
16
Q
Tight junction function:
A
-keep cells close together so nothing comes between them; no leakage
17
Q
Example of a tight junciton location:
A
- Epidermis
- Stomach
- Small intestine
18
Q
5 components of adheren junctions:
A
- Adjacent plasma membranes
- microfilament; actin
- plaque
- transmembrane proteins (cadherin)
- intercellular space
- adhesion belt
19
Q
adheren junctions are seen in muscles that are _____
A
contracting; where a lot of movement occurs
20
Q
Example of adheren junction location:
A
-small intestine; it contracts to move food through system
21
Q
Transmembrane glycoproteins in adheren junctions are called:
A
Cadherins
22
Q
What are desmosomes attached to?
A
Intermediate filaments
23
Q
Intermediate filaments in desmosomes are called:
A
Keratin
24
Q
Cadherins are present in what junctions?
A
- adheren junctions
- desmosomes
25
Desmosomes are used in places where and why:
- Theres a lot of tension
| - welding more efficient to hold cells together even with tension
26
6 components of desmosomes:
- adjacent plasma membranes
- intercellular space
- plaque
- transmembrane
- glycoproteins (cadherin)
- Intermediate filament (keratin)
27
hemidesmosome transmembrane glycoproteins called:
Integrin
28
Where are transmembrane glycoproteins (integrins) found in hemidesmosomes?
In extracellular space
29
Function of Integrins in hemidesmosomes?
Bind the cell to basement membrane
30
6 components of hemidesmosomes
- Intermediate filament (keratin)
- plaque
- transmembrane
- glypoprotein (integrin) in extracellular space
- plasma membrane
- basement membrane
31
What do gap junctions allow?
gap junctions allow things to pass from one over to the next
32
3 things gap junctions allow:
- allow ions to pass from one cell to the next
- allow nutrients to move through
- allow substances to move through
33
Gap junctions are a space for what?
Gap junctions are a space for communications between cells
34
3 Gap junction comonents:
- adjacent plasma membranes
- connexons
- gap between cells
35
Connexons in gap junctions are composed of:
Connexins
36
Differences in blood vessels between epithelial and connective tissue:
-epithelial tissue doesn't have blood vessels running through; connective tissue does (epithelial is avascular)
37
How does avascular epithelial tissue get nutrients?
It gets it from the connective tissue deep to it
38
In epithelial tissue, cells are arranged
in sheets and are densely packed
39
in epithelial tissue, many ___ junctions are present
in epithelial tissue, many cell junctions are present
40
in epithelial tissue cells attach to:
cells attach to basement membrane
41
Epithelial tissue is avascular but...
...does have blood supply
42
How often does mitosis occur in epithelial tissue?
mitosis occurs frequently
43
Why is the GI tract more on the outside than the inside?
this is because it's always going to be open to the external enviornment
44
How and why does your skin slough off?
- only cells next to basement membrane, next to the connective tissue, are getting supplied with nutrients
- as skin cells grow and reproduce, it pushes cells more and more superficial and as they get further and further away from the connective tissue, they get further and further away from nutrients so they die and brush off
45
3 reasons mitosis occur frequently in epithelial tissue:
- it's used for protection all the time and gets damaged often
- avascular so it dies often
46
What is the lumen in the small intestine?
-The hollow space in the middle of the small intestine
47
What is the apical surface of the skin?
-the layer of cells exposed to the environment
48
What is the apical surface of the small intestine?
-the layer of cells exposed to the lumen
49
What does the basal surface of epithelial cells connect to?
the basement membrane
50
Epithelium is used
- protection
- filtration
- secretion
- absorption
- excretion
51
2 ways covering and lining of epithelia are classified:
- classified according to shape of cells and
| - how many layers thick they are
52
3 classifications of epithelial tissue by layers:
- Simple
- Psuedostratified
- Stratified
53
Simple epithelial tissue:
-no stacking; one layer of cells
54
Pseudostratified epithelial tissue:
-false stratified; cells may looked stacked but aren't.
55
Stratified epithelial tissue (2):
- stacked on top of eachother on top of basement membrane
| - looks like columnar but nucleus are in different positions
56
3 classifications of epithelial tissue by cell shape:
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar
57
squamous epithelial tissue:
-thin; kind of looks like cigar from side
58
cuboidal epithelial tissue:
-cubed; square shape w/ nucleus in middle
59
columnar epithelial tissue:
-column shaped cells
60
5 basic functions, composition and why:
- diffusion
- osmosis
- filtration
- secretion
- absorption
- one layer so stuff can easily get in and out
- easy diffusion of solvent or solutes
61
composition and basic functions of pseudostratified epithelial tissue:
-simple because it's one cell layer; but may contain cilia or goblet cells that produce mucus for excretion
62
Basic functions of stratified epithelial tissue:
- two or more layers to protect from wear and tear
| - present in skin, esophagus
63
Squamous epithelial cell structure and function
-flat; allows for rapid passage and easy diffusion
64
cuboidal epithelial cell structure and function:
- may have microvilli for increased surface area
| - can aid in secretion and absorption
65
columnar epithelial cell structure and function:
- may have microvilli or cilia
| - can aid in secretion and absorption
66
What does the name of specific type of stratified epithelial tissue depend on?
Depends on the shape of the apical cells
67
Simple squamous epithelium
-real thin so things can easily diffuse across
68
Function of microvilli:
increase surface area
69
A gland is:
a gland is a single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
70
Secretions of endocrine glands:
enter interstitial fluid and diffuse into bloodstream
71
Secretions of exocrine glands:
enter ducts that empty onto surface of a covering epithelium like skin surface or lumen of stomach
72
Name of secretions for endocrine glands:
Hormones
73
Endocrine gland description:
-hormones enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse into bloodstream without flowing through ducts
74
8 endocrine gland locations:
- Pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid and parathyroid gland
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
- thymus
75
Pituitary gland location:
base of brain
76
Pineal gland location:
in brain
77
thyroid and parathyroid location:
near larynx or voice box
78
adrenal gland location:
superior to kidneys
79
pancreas location
near stomach
80
ovaries location
pelvic cavity
81
testes location
scrotum
82
thymus location
thoracic cavity
83
Endocrine gland function:
hormones regulate many metabolic and physiological activities to maintain homeostasis
84
Exocrine gland description:
secretory products released into ducts that empty onto surface or covering and lining epithelium like skin or lumen of hollow organ
85
Exocrine glands in skin:
- sweat
- oil
- earwax
86
2 digestive exocrine glands and where they secrete:
- salivary glands; secrete into mouth cavity
| - pancreas; secrete into small intestine
87
Pancreas endocrine vs exocrine glands:
- endocrine: insulin into the blood
| - exocrine: pancreatic. lipase to breakdown fats
88
5 exocrine gland functions:
Produce substances like
- sweat to help lower body temperature
- oil for protection
- earwax for protection
- saliva for protection & digestion
- digestive enzymes
89
3 unicellular and singular cells:
- goblet cells
| - columnar or pseudostratified epithelial tissue
90
multicellular glandular epithelium is composed of:
many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ
91
3 examples of multicellular glands:
- sweat glands
- oil glands
- salivary glands
92
3 variations of multicellular exocrine glands:
- simple
- branched
- coiled
93
3 functional classifications of glandular epithelium:
- merocrine
- apocrine
- holocrine
94
Merocrine secretions are the most common for ____ glands.
-exocrine glands
95
Merocrine secretion from which gland?
Salivary gland
96
Apocrine secretion from which gland?
Mammary gland
97
Holocrine secretion from which gland?
Sebaceous oil gland
98
3 components of salivary gland merocrine secretion:
- secretion
- secretory vesicle
- golgi complex
99
1 component of mammary gland apocrine secretion
-pinched off portion of cell is secretion
100
2 components of sebaceous gland holocrine solution:
- mature cell dies and becomes secretory vesicle
| - cell division replaces lost cell
101
What happens during holocrine secretion?
Golgi complex goes to secretory vesicle in secretion
102
What happens during apocrine secretion?
-cell will break apart and seperate
103
What happens during merocrine secretion?
- Making it HOLO; cells explode
- Substances to secrete will accumulate and release
- as it release it will explode and cell will die
