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currycurry UNIT ! > Chapter 3 Part 1 Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Part 1 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

The purpose of the chapter is to:

A
  • Introduce the parts of a cell
  • Discuss the importance of the plasma membrane
  • Discuss the components of the cytoplasm
  • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis
  • Understand the effects aging has on the cell
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2
Q

The cell can be subdivided into 3 parts:

A
  • Plasma (cell) membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
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3
Q

2 things the cytoplasm contains:

A
  • cytosol

- organelles

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4
Q

2 things in the Nucleus

A
  • Chromosomes

- Genes

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5
Q

The plasma membrane is a _____ yet ____ barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

A

The plasma membrane is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell

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6
Q

2 types of membrane proteins are:

A

2 types of membrane proteins are:

  • Integral (also called transmembrane) proteins
  • Peripheral proteins
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7
Q

Integral proteins AKA

A

Transmembrane proteins

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8
Q

Membrane proteins can serve a _____of functions

A

Membrane proteins can serve a variety of functions

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9
Q

The different proteins help determine many of the ____ of the cell membrane

A

The different proteins help determine many of the functions of the cell membrane

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10
Q

Ion channel; Integral or peripheral?

A
  • Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow across membranes
  • Integral
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11
Q

Carrier; Integral or peripheral?

A
  • Transport specific substance across membrane by undergoing change in shape
  • Integral
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12
Q

Receptor; Integral or peripheral?

A

-Recognizes specific ligand and alter’s cell’s function

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13
Q

Example of Carrier/transmembrane protein:

A

Amino Acids: needed to synthesize new proteins and enter body cells through carriers/transporters

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14
Q

Example of receptor protein:

A

Antidiuretic hormone: binds to receptors in kidneys and changes water permeability of certain membranes

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15
Q

Enzyme; Integral or peripheral?

A
  • Catalyzes reactions inside or outside cell depending on which direction active site faces
  • Integral and peripheral
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16
Q

Linker; Integral or peripheral?

A
  • Anchor filaments inside and outside plasma membrane provide structure and shape
  • Integral and peripheral
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17
Q

Example of enzyme protein:

A

Lactase: protrudes form epithelial cells lining small intestine that splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink

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18
Q

Cell identity marker; Integral or peripheral?

A
  • distinguishes your cell from anyone else’s

- MHC (major histocompatibility proteins)

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19
Q

Membranes are fluid structures because

A

membrane lipids and many of the membrane proteins move easily in the bilayer

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20
Q

Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile…

A

…Membrane lipids and proteins are mobile in their own half of the bilayer

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21
Q

Cholesterol serves to ______the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity

A

Cholesterol serves to stabilize the membrane and reduce membrane fluidity

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22
Q

The lipid bilayer is always permeable to ___ , ___ -____ , ___ -____ molecules

A

The lipid bilayer is always permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules

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23
Q

Transmembrane proteins that act as channels or transporters increase

A

Transmembrane proteins that act as channels or transporters increase the permeability of the membrane

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24
Q

Macromolecules are only able to pass through the plasma membrane by ____ _____

A

Macromolecules are only able to pass through the plasma membrane by vesicular transport

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25
Q

A concentration gradient is

A

the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

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26
Q

An electrical gradient is

A

the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

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27
Q

A concentration gradient + electrical gradient =

A

electrochemical gradient

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28
Q

Transport processes do what?

A

move substances across the cell membrane

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29
Q

3 Passive processes:

A
  • Simple diffusion
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Osmosis
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30
Q

2 Active processes:

A
  • primary and secondary support

- vesicular transport

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31
Q

Simple diffusion is:

A

-gradient movement

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32
Q

Facilitated diffusion is for which molecules? How is it assisted?

A
  • objects too polar or have a charge charged

- assisted by integral proteins

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33
Q

Osmosis is movement of solvent or solute?

A

Solvent

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34
Q

5 things diffusion is influenced by:

A 
-steepness of concentration 
    gradient
-temperature
-mass of diffusion substance
-surface area
-diffusion distance
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35
Q

Example of steepness affecting diffusion:

A
  • 20 : 5 vs 100 : 5

- higher the ratio the faster diffusion will occur

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36
Q

How temperature affects diffusion:

A
  • higher temperature=quicker diffusion

- particles move quicker when warm

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37
Q

How mass affects diffusion:

A

-Something of greater mass may move slower

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38
Q

How surface area affects diffusion:

A

-if a cell has more surface area, there’s more room for a molecule to pass through

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39
Q

How diffusion distance affects diffusion: (3)

A
  • How far spread out are molecules
  • distance to physically move
  • Thickness of membrane
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40
Q

How does hot and cold air interact?

A

-With an open fridge and hot room, hot air moves into the fridge. Cold air doesn’t move out

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41
Q

Transmembrane proteins help solutes that:

A

Transmembrane proteins help solutes that are too polar or too highly charged move through the lipid bilayer

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42
Q

2 types of facilitated diffusion:

A
  • channel mediated

- carrier mediated

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43
Q

osmosis is:

A

The movement of solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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44
Q

Tonicity of a solution relates to how:

A

how the solution influences the shape of body cells

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45
Q

Shape of a cell in isotonic solution:

A

Normal RBC shape

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46
Q

Shape of a cell in hypotonic solution:

A
  • Swollen cell

- It could burst: hemolysis

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47
Q

Shape of a cell in hypertonic solution:

A
  • shrunken and spikey cell

- Spikey: crenation

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48
Q

Primary active transport:

A
  • Energy derived from ATP
  • changes the shape of a transporter protein which pumps a substance across a plasma membrane against concentration gradient
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49
Q

During primary active transport, why does ATP split?

A

energy created from splitting of the phosphate from ATP enables the protein to change shape

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50
Q

2 parts atp splits into in a sodium potassium pump

A
  • phosphate

- adp

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51
Q

What happens to the Na after the atp is split and protein channel changes shape?

A

The Na leaves to the outside

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52
Q

What happens when the two potassium ions bind during primary transport?

A

When the potassium binds, the phosphate leaves

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53
Q

What happens when potassium binds and phosphate leaves?

A

The heart ion channel changes back to the upside down heart and K+ is moved into the cell

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54
Q

End result of a sodium potassium pump:

A

-Na is out of the cell and K is inside of the cell

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55
Q

How does secondary use ATP and how does it differ form primary transport? (2)

A
  • technically active because it can do transportation because of atp
  • but mechanism doesnt use atp; uses it indirectly
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56
Q

2 types of transport in vesicles?

A

-Exocytosis

=Transcytosis

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57
Q

Exocytosis –

A

membrane-enclosed secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid

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58
Q

Transcytosis –

A
  • a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis

- used to move substances from one side of a cell, across it, and out the other side (IN ACROSS & OUT)

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59
Q

Passive process official: (2)

A
  • Movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium
  • do not require cellular energy in the form of ATP.
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60
Q

Diffusion process official:

A

-Movement of molecules or ions down a concentration gradient due to their kinetic energy until equilibrium.

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61
Q

Simple diffusion official:

A

Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without the help of membrane transport
proteins.

62
Q

Facilitated diffusion official:

A

Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient through lipid bilayer by transmembrane proteins as channels or carriers

63
Q

What does simple diffusion transport? (2)

A
  • Nonpolar hydrophobic solutes

- polar molecultes like water

64
Q

What does facilitated diffusion transport?

A
  • polar or charged solutes

- ions like K+ or Na+

65
Q

Osmosis official:

A

Passive movement of water molecules across selectively permeable membrane from area of higher to lower water concentration until equilibrium

66
Q

Active processes official: (2)

A

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient; requires cellular energy in the form of ATP.

67
Q

Active transport official:

A

-Active process in which a cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient by transmembrane proteins that function as carriers.

68
Q

What does osmosis transport?

A

Water in living systems

69
Q

What does active processes and active transport, transport?

A

-polar or charged solutes

70
Q

Primary active transport official:

A

Active process in which a substance moves across the membrane against its concentration gradient by pumps (carriers) that use energy supplied by hydrolysis of ATP.

71
Q

Secondary active transport official:

A

Coupled active transport of two substances across the membrane using energy supplied by a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient maintained by primary active transport pumps.

72
Q

Substances transported through primary active transport:

A

ca2+ , H+ and other ions

73
Q

Substances transported through secondary active transport: (2)

A
  • Antiport: Ca2+ , H+ out of cells

- Symport: glucose , amino acids into cells

74
Q

Antiporter process:

A

Antiporters move Na+ (or H+) and another substance in opposite directions across the membrane

75
Q

Symporter process:

A

symporters move Na+ (or H+) and another substance in the same direction across the membrane.

76
Q

Transport in vesicles official: (2)

A
  • Active process in which substances move into or out of cells in vesicles that bud from plasma membrane
  • requires energy supplied by ATP.
77
Q

Endocytosis

A

Movement of substances into a cell in vesicles.

78
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Ligand-receptor complexes trigger infolding of a clathrin-coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands.

79
Q

5 things receptor-mediated endocytosis transports:

A
  • transferrin
  • Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
  • vitamins
  • certain hormones
  • antibodies
80
Q

Phagocytosis AKA

A

cell-eating

81
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

-movement of a solid particle into a cell after pseudopods engulf it to form a phagosome

82
Q

3 substances transported by phagocytosis:

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • aged or dead cells
83
Q

Bulk-phase endocytosis AKA

A

cell-drinking

84
Q

Bulk phase endocytosis:

A

-movement of extracellular fluid into a cell by infolding of plasma membrane to form a vesicle

85
Q

Exocytosis

A

-Movement of substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid.

86
Q

3 substances transported by exocytosis:

A
  • neurotransmitters
  • hormones
  • digestive enzymes
87
Q

Transcytosis:

A

-Movement of a substance through a cell as a result of endocytosis on one side and exocytosis on the other

88
Q

Example of transcytosis: (2)

A
  • antibodies across endothelial cells

- common route for substances to pass between blood plasma and interstitial fluid

89
Q

How many components does cytoplasm have?

A

2

90
Q

Cytosol: AKA

A

intracellular fluid portion of cytoplasm

91
Q

Organelles in cytoplasm:

A

specialized structures that have specific shapes and functions

92
Q

Plasma membrane description:

A

-Fluid mosaic lipid bilayer studded with proteins; surrounds cytoplasm.

93
Q

3 layers in a fluid mosaic lipid bilayer?

A
  • phospholipids
  • cholesterol
  • glycolipids
94
Q

Plasma membrane functions:

A
  • protects cellular contents
  • make contact with other cells
  • mediates entry and exit of substances
95
Q

6 components a plasma membrane contains:

A
  • channels
  • transporters/carriers
  • receptors
  • enzymes
  • linkers
  • cell identity markers
96
Q

Cytoplasm description: (2)

A
  • Cellular contents between plasma membrane and nucleus

- cytosol and organelles.

97
Q

cytoplasm funciton:

A

-Site of all intracellular activities except those occurring in the nucleus.

98
Q

Cytosol description and composition: (5)

A
  • water
  • solutes
  • suspended particles
  • lipid droplets
  • glycogen granules
99
Q

Cytosol function:

A

-fluid in which many of cell’s metabolic reactions occur

100
Q

Cytoskeleton description and composition: (2)

A

Composed of three protein filaments:

  • microfilaments
  • microtubules
  • intermediate filaments
101
Q

2 cytoskeleton functions:

A
  • maintains shape and general organization of cellular contents
  • responsible for cell movements
102
Q

Organelle description:

A

Specialized structures with characteristic shapes.

103
Q

Organelle function:

A

Each organelle has specific functions.

104
Q

Centrosome description:

A

Pair of centrioles plus pericentriolar matrix.

105
Q

Centrosome functions:

A

The pericentriolar matrix contains tubulins, which are used for growth of the mitotic spindle and microtubule formation.

106
Q

Cillia and flagella description:

A

Motile cell surface projections that contain 20 microtubules and a basal body.

107
Q

Cillia function:

A

move fluids over cell’s surface

108
Q

Flagella function:

A

move entire cell.

109
Q

Ribosome description: (2)

A
  • Composed of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA and proteins
  • may be free in cytosol or attached to rough ER.
110
Q

Ribosome function:

A

Protein synthesis

111
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum description:

A

Membranous network of flattened sacs or tubules.

112
Q

Rough ER description: (2)

A
  • rough ER is covered by ribosomes

- attached to the nuclear envelope

113
Q

Smooth ER description:

A

smooth ER lacks ribosomes.

114
Q

Rough ER functions: (3)

A

synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are

  • transferred to cellular organelles
  • inserted into plasma membrane or
  • secreted during exocytosis
115
Q

Smooth ER functions: (4)

A
  • synthesizes fatty acids and steroids
  • inactivates or detoxifies drugs
  • removes phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate
  • stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells
116
Q

Golgi complex description and composition: (2)

A
  • Consists of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
  • structurally and functionally divided into entry (cis) face, medial cisternae, and exit (trans) face
117
Q

Entry (cis) face functions:

A

face accepts proteins from rough ER

118
Q

(3) medial cisternae functions:

A

form

  • glycoproteins
  • glycolipids
  • lipoproteins
119
Q

(2) exit (trans) face functions:

A
  • modifies molecules further,

- then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations.

120
Q

Lysosome description and composition:

A
  • Vesicle formed from Golgi complex

- contains digestive enzymes

121
Q

4 lysosome functions:

A

-Fuses with and digests contents of
-endosomes
-phagosomes
-vesicles
formed during bulk-phase endocytosis
-transports final products of digestion into cytosol
-digests worn-out organelles
-digests entire cells and extracellular materials.

122
Q

Lysosome autophagy:

A

Lysosomes digests worn out organelles

123
Q

Lysosome autolysis 2 steps:

A
  • lysosome digests entire cells

- destruction of sick or injured cells through release of lysosome enzymes

124
Q

(3) peroxisome description:

A
  • structures similar in shape to lysosomes but smaller
  • Vesicle containing oxidases and catalase
  • new peroxisomes bud from preexisting ones.
125
Q

Oxidases AKA

A

oxidative enzymes

126
Q

Catalase function:

A

decomposes hydrogen peroxide

127
Q

(2) peroxisome functions:

A
  • uses oxygen to oxidize or break down organic substances like amino acids and fatty acids
  • detoxifies harmful substances (hydrogen peroxide and free radicals)
128
Q

Proteasome description:

A

Tiny barrel-shaped structure that contains proteases

129
Q

Proteases AKA

A

Protealytic enzymes

130
Q

3 proteasome functions:

A 
Degrades 
-unneeded
-damaged
-faulty proteins 
by cutting them into small  peptides.
131
Q

(3) mitochondrion composition and description:

A
  • external and an internal mitochondrial membrane
  • cristae, and matrix
  • new mitochondria form from preexisting ones.
132
Q

Mitochondrion functions:

A
  • Site of aerobic cellular respiration reactions that produce most of a cell’s ATP
  • Plays an important early role in apoptosis.
133
Q

What plays an important (early) role in Apoptosis?

A

Mitochondrion

134
Q

Nucleus components and description:

A

Consists of a

  • nuclear envelope with pores
  • nucleoli
  • chromosomes, which exist as a tangled mass of chromatin in interphase cells.
135
Q

How do chromosomes exist in interphase cells?

A

As a tangled mass of chromatin

136
Q

function of nuclear pores in nucleus control:

A

the movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm

137
Q

function of nucleoli in nucleus produce:

A

ribosomes

138
Q

(2) function of chromosomes in nucleus consist:

A

of genes that

  • control cellular structure
  • direct cellular functions
139
Q

Where do proteins in membrane vesicles go from the golgi complex”

A

They merge with the plasma membrane

140
Q

What does the nucleus contain and how is it arranged?

A
  • contains hereditary units of cells called genes

- genes are arranged along chromosomes

141
Q

2 steps of gene expression:

A
  • Transcription

- Translation

142
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

in the nucleus

143
Q

Transcription process is:

A

the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis

144
Q

Where does translation occur:

A

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm

145
Q

Translation process is:

A

the process of reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein

146
Q

Messenger or mRNA

A

-directs synthesis of a protein

147
Q

Ribosomal or rRNA

A

-joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes

148
Q

Transfer or tRNA binds to:

A

-binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until incorporated into a protein during translation

149
Q

Two ends of the tRNA:

A
  • first end carries a specific amino acid

- second end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called anticodon

150
Q

What happens by pairing between complementary bases in tRNA?

A

the tRNA anticodon attaches to mRNA codon by pairing between complementary bases

151
Q

The 20 different types of tRNA all bind to

A

one specific of the 20 different amino acids

152
Q

7 protein synthesis steps

A
  1. initiator tRNA attaches to start codon
  2. large and small ribosomal subunits form functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site
  3. Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site
  4. Amino acid on tRNA at P site will form peptide bond with amino acid at A site
  5. Two peptide protein from peptide bond becomes attached to tRNA at A site
  6. Ribosome shifts by one codon (left): tRNA at P site goes to E site and is released from ribosome while tRNA at A site moves to middle P site
  7. protein synthesis stops when ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA sequence

currycurry UNIT ! (11 decks)

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