Chapter 4: Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology Flashcards
What are three steps to conducting cross-cultural research?
- Get to know the culture. 2. Translate materials. 3. Collect data.
What is one way to get to know a culture?
By reading an ethnography.
What are three ways to collect data when conducting cross-cultural research?
- Questionnaires. 2. Experimental studies. 3. Content-analyses.
What are the three steps involved in back translation?
- One bilingual translates materials from one language to another. 2. A second bilingual translates the materials back into the original language. 3. The original and back-translated materials are compared and points of divergence are discussed and resolved.
Which variable describes the hypothesized cause?
The independent variable.
Which variable describes the hypothesized effect?
The dependent variable.
What element of an experiment makes it an experiment and the gold standard of evidence?
Random assignment.
What is a quasi-experiment?
When one of the independent variables is not manipulated. For example, gender or cultural background.
What is one way to minimize potential problems caused by quasi-experiments?
By using multiple methods.
What is a culture of honor?
A culture where males strive to protect their reputation through aggression.
Where is a culture of honor prevalent?
In the US south.
Why could a culture of honor be prevalent in the south?
Because it is where herding has been historically practiced.
What is the moderacy bias?
A tendency to express one’s agreement with items in a moderate way.
What is the extremity bias?
A tendency to express one’s agreement with items in an extreme way.
What are two possible solutions to the extremity and moderacy bias?
- Avoid using a scale that has a middle answer. 2. Standardize how much each item deviates from the participant’s own average.
What is the acquiescence bias?
A tendency to agree with statements.
What is a possible solution to the acquiescence bias?
Include reverse-scored measures.
What is the deprivation effect?
People often express stronger preferences for something they lack than for things they have.
What is the reference-group effect?
People from difference cultures evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to different groups.
What are three possible solutions for the reference group effect?
- Use concrete items. 2. Use concrete response options. 3. Use behavioral and physiological measures.
What is a limit of self-report?
Participants may not consciously know their own behavior or attitudes.
What are two benefits of questionnaires?
- Allows for explanations. 2. Useful for within cultural analyses.
What are three steps for doing a within cultural analyses using questionnaires?
- Compare subgroups within culture. 2. Compare within cultural correlation. 3. Add experimental manipulation.
What is the social desirability bias?
People disguise their true feelings to appear more socially desirable.
What is situation sampling?
Utilizes the fact that cultures do not affect people in the abstract; they affect people in particular, concrete ways. It is our experiences in these culturally shaped situations that lead us to adopt habitual ways of thinking about ourselves and our worlds.
Describe the first step of situation sampling.
Participants from at least two cultures are asked to describe a number of situations they have experienced in which something specific has happened.
Describe the second step of situation sampling?
Different groups of participants are asked to participants in the study. The second set of participants is provided with a list of the situations generated by the first participants, and they were asked to imagine how they would have felt if they had been in those situations themselves.
