Chapter 4: Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology

Question 1

What are three steps to conducting cross-cultural research?

Answer 1

1. Get to know the culture. 2. Translate materials. 3. Collect data.

Question 2

What is one way to get to know a culture?

Answer 2

By reading an ethnography.

Question 3

What are three ways to collect data when conducting cross-cultural research?

Answer 3

1. Questionnaires. 2. Experimental studies. 3. Content-analyses.

Question 4

What are the three steps involved in back translation?

Answer 4

1. One bilingual translates materials from one language to another. 2. A second bilingual translates the materials back into the original language. 3. The original and back-translated materials are compared and points of divergence are discussed and resolved.

Question 5

Which variable describes the hypothesized cause?

Answer 5

The independent variable.

Question 6

Which variable describes the hypothesized effect?

Answer 6

The dependent variable.

Question 7

What element of an experiment makes it an experiment and the gold standard of evidence?

Answer 7

Random assignment.

Question 8

What is a quasi-experiment?

Answer 8

When one of the independent variables is not manipulated. For example, gender or cultural background.

Question 9

What is one way to minimize potential problems caused by quasi-experiments?

Answer 9

By using multiple methods.

Question 10

What is a culture of honor?

Answer 10

A culture where males strive to protect their reputation through aggression.

Question 11

Where is a culture of honor prevalent?

Answer 11

In the US south.

Question 12

Why could a culture of honor be prevalent in the south?

Answer 12

Because it is where herding has been historically practiced.

Question 13

What is the moderacy bias?

Answer 13

A tendency to express one’s agreement with items in a moderate way.

Question 14

What is the extremity bias?

Answer 14

A tendency to express one’s agreement with items in an extreme way.

Question 15

What are two possible solutions to the extremity and moderacy bias?

Answer 15

1. Avoid using a scale that has a middle answer. 2. Standardize how much each item deviates from the participant’s own average.

Question 16

What is the acquiescence bias?

Answer 16

A tendency to agree with statements.

Question 17

What is a possible solution to the acquiescence bias?

Answer 17

Include reverse-scored measures.

Question 18

What is the deprivation effect?

Answer 18

People often express stronger preferences for something they lack than for things they have.

Question 19

What is the reference-group effect?

Answer 19

People from difference cultures evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to different groups.

Question 20

What are three possible solutions for the reference group effect?

Answer 20

1. Use concrete items. 2. Use concrete response options. 3. Use behavioral and physiological measures.

Question 21

What is a limit of self-report?

Answer 21

Participants may not consciously know their own behavior or attitudes.

Question 22

What are two benefits of questionnaires?

Answer 22

1. Allows for explanations. 2. Useful for within cultural analyses.

Question 23

What are three steps for doing a within cultural analyses using questionnaires?

Answer 23

1. Compare subgroups within culture. 2. Compare within cultural correlation. 3. Add experimental manipulation.

Question 24

What is the social desirability bias?

Answer 24

People disguise their true feelings to appear more socially desirable.

Question 25

What is situation sampling?

Answer 25

Utilizes the fact that cultures do not affect people in the abstract; they affect people in particular, concrete ways. It is our experiences in these culturally shaped situations that lead us to adopt habitual ways of thinking about ourselves and our worlds.

Question 26

Describe the first step of situation sampling.

Answer 26

Participants from at least two cultures are asked to describe a number of situations they have experienced in which something specific has happened.

Question 27

Describe the second step of situation sampling?

Answer 27

Different groups of participants are asked to participants in the study. The second set of participants is provided with a list of the situations generated by the first participants, and they were asked to imagine how they would have felt if they had been in those situations themselves.