Chapter 4 Measurement Flashcards
_____________- is how scientists operationalize empiricism
Measurement
The act or process of applying quantitative or qualitative labels to events, phenomena, or observed properties using a standard set of consensus-based rules.
Measurement
Three fundamental properties A.K.A
Three-dimensional quantities
Refers to the fact that a behavior can occur repeatedly through time (i.e., behavior can be counted); (e.g. count, rate/frequency, celeration).
Repeatability
Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs during some amount of time
(e.g. duration).
Temporal Extent
Refers to the fact that every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events (i.e., when in time behavior occurs can be measured)
(e.g. response latency, interresponse time).
Temporal Locus
A simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behavior
Count
The number of responses per unit of time.
Rate/Frequency
Behaviors that have a discrete beginning and ending points, require minimal displacement of the organism in time and space, can be emitted at nearly any time, do not require much time for completion, and can be emitted over a wide range of response rates.
Free operant
Any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response.
(aka restricted operant, and controlled operant)
Discrete Trial
A measure of how rates of response change over time.
Rate of response accelerates when a participant responds faster over successive counting periods and decelerates when responding slows over successive observations.
Celeration
___________incorporates three dimensional quantities: count per unit time/per unit of time; or expressed another way, rate/per unit of time.
Celeration
Response rate is displayed on the vertical axis (Y), and successive calendar time is presented on the horizontal axis (X)
Standard Celeration Chart
A straight line drawn through data points that visually represents the degree of trend in the data. It shows a factor by which rate of response is multiplying (accelerating) or dividing (decelerating) across the celeration time period (e.g. rate per week, per month, year etc..)
Celeration trend line
A _______ ________ _________ is 1/20th of the horizontal axis of all Standard Celeration Charts
Celeration time period
the amount of time in which behavior occurs is the basic measure of temporal extent.
Duration
__________ is also an appropriate measure for behaviors that occur at very high rates (e.g., rocking; rapid jerks of the head, hands, legs) or task-oriented continuous behaviors that occur for an extended time (e.g., cooperative play, on-task behavior, off-task behavior).
Duration
two kinds of duration measures:
Total duration per session (or observation period) and
Duration per occurrence.
A measure of the cumulative amount of time in which a person engages in the target behavior.
Total Duration per Session.
a measure of the duration of time that each instance of the target behavior occurs.
Duration per Occurrence.
is a measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of subsequent response.
how much time occurs between an opportunity to emit a behavior and when the behavior is initiated.
Response Latency
The amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class.
Interresponse Time (IRT)
Two forms of Derivative Measures.
Percentage and
Trials-to-criterion
A ratio (i.e., a proportion) formed by combining the same dimensional quantities, such as count (i.e., number ÷ number) or time (i.e., duration ÷ duration; latency ÷ latency).
Percentage
