Chapter 12 Negative reinforcement Flashcards
An ________ ___________ contingency is one in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.
Negative reinforcement
Behavior maintained by _________ ___________ produces a stimulus that was absent prior to responding,
Positive reinforcement
Behavior maintained by _________ ________ terminates a stimulus that was present prior to responding
Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement involves an _______ ___________, in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus.
Escape contingency
Behavior maintained by negative reinforcement is characterized by an __________ ___________, in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.
Avoidance contingency
Responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
Discriminated avoidance,
A contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus
Free- operant avoidance
Stimuli whose removal strengthens behavior in the absence of prior learning
Unconditioned negative reinforcers.
A previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with an existing (unconditioned or conditioned) negative reinforcer.
Conditioned negative reinforcers
The factors that determine whether a negative reinforcement contingency will be effective in changing behavior
(a) the strength of the contingency and
(b) the presence of competing contingencies.