Chapter 13 Schedules of Reinforcement Flashcards
A rule that describes a contingency of reinforcement, those environmental arrangements that determine
conditions by which behaviors will produce reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
A schedule of ____________ _________ provides reinforcement for each occurrence of behavior.
Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
__________ _________ is used to strengthen behavior, primarily during the initial stages of learning new behaviors.
Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
Some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior are reinforced in ____________ _________ _________.
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement.
Only selected occurrences of behavior produce reinforcement with an __________ ____________ __ _____________.
Intermittent schedule of reinforcement
A major goal of most behavior change programs is the development of naturally occurring _______, _________, or ________ to function as reinforcement.
Activities, stimuli, or events to
Intrinsic motivation,
Which seems to imply that something inside the person is responsible for maintaining the behavior.
OR
ABA reinforcement that is received by manipulating the Schedules of Reinforcement physical environment.
Require a number of responses before one response produces reinforcement.
Ratio schedules
Require an elapse of time before a response produces reinforcement
Interval schedules
The response ratio or the time requirement remains constant.
Fixed schedule
The response ratio or the time requirement can change from one reinforced response to another.
Variable schedule
A _____ ______schedule of reinforcement requires the completion of a number of responses to produce a re- inforcer.
For example, every fourth correct (or target) re- sponse produces reinforcement on an FR 4 schedule.
fixed ratio (FR)
A _____ ______schedule of reinforcement requires the completion of a number of responses to produce a re- inforcer.
For example, every fourth correct (or target) re- sponse produces reinforcement on an FR 4 schedule.
Fixed ratio (FR)
The size of the Fixed ratio influences the duration of the postreinforcement pause:
Large ratio requirements produce long pauses;
small ratios produce short pauses
A ________ _____ schedule of reinforcement re- quires the completion of a variable number of responses to produce a reinforcer.
For example, with a VR 10 schedule every tenth correct response on the av- erage produces reinforcement.
variable ratio (VR)
A ________ _____ schedule of reinforcement re- quires the completion of a variable number of responses to produce a reinforcer.
For example, with a VR 10 schedule every tenth correct response on the av- erage produces reinforcement.
Variable ratio (VR)
the VR schedule tends to produce a _____rate of response.
Quick
A _____ _________ schedule of reinforcement provides reinforcement for the first response following a fixed duration of time.
Fixed interval (FI)
FI schedules typically produce a _________ ________.
Postreinforcement pause
FI schedules tend to produce a _____ __ ________ rates of response.
Slow to moderate
FR schedules often produce ____ rates of response
High
A ________ ________ schedule of reinforcement pro- vides reinforcement for the first correct response fol- lowing the elapse of variable durations of time.
Variable interval (VI)
VI schedules of reinforcement tend to produce ___ __ ________ rates of response.
Low to moderate
When a _______ ____ is added to an interval schedule, reinforcement remains available for a finite time following the elapse of the FI or VI interval.
The participant will miss the opportunity to receive reinforcement if a targeted response does not occur within the time limit.
Limited hold
Thinning Intermittent Reinforcement
Applied behavior analysts often use one of two procedures to thin schedules of reinforcement.
An existing schedule is thinned by gradually increasing the response ratio
or
By gradually increasing the duration of the time interval.
______ ______ can result from abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.
Ratio strain
Differential reinforcement provides an intervention for behavior problems associated with ____ __ ________.
Rate of response.
The reinforcement of responses higher than a predetermined criterion is called ___________________.
Differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH).
When responses are reinforced only when they are lower than the criterion, the schedule provides ____________________.
Ddifferential reinforcement of low rates (DRL).
DRH schedules produce a _______rate of responding.
Higher
DRL schedules produce a _____ rate of responding.
Lower
Reinforcement is available only for responses that are separated by a given duration of time.
Spaced-responding DRH or spaced- responding DRL
A ___ ___-________ ________ provides reinforcement if the total number of responses during the session meets or exceeds a number criterion.
If the participant emits fewer than the specified number of responses during the session, the behavior is not reinforced.
DRH full-session schedule
Reinforcement is provided for responding at or below the criterion limit.
If the participant emits more than the specified number of responses during the session, reinforcement is not delivered.
DRL full- session schedule
Provides reinforcement at the end of a predetermined time interval when the number of responses is less than a criterion that is gradually decreased across time intervals based on the individual’s performance.
Differential reinforcement of diminishing rates (DRD) schedule
