Chapter 2 Basic concepts Flashcards
______ is the activity of living organisms.
_______ can be accomplished only by living organisms.
A useful way to tell whether the movement is behavior is to apply the dead man test: “If a dead man can do it, it ain’t behavior. And if a dead man can’t do, then it is behavior”
Behavior
A specific instance of behavior.
A good technical definition of ______ is An action of an organism’s effector
Response
A group of responses with the same function (that is, each response in the group produces the same effect on the environment) is called a ___________.
Response class
__________ is sometimes used to refer to all of the behaviors that a person can do.
Repertoire
The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behavior cannot occur in the absence of the ______________.
Environment
An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.
stimulus
Humans have receptor systems that detect “stimulus changes” occurring outside and inside the body.
Exteroceptors
Interoceptors,
Proprioceptors,
Any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more of these dimensions.
Stimulus class
Stimulus events can be described
- _________
- __________
- __________
- formally
- Temporally
- functionally
often describe the measure, and manipulate stimuli according to their formal dimensions, such as size, color, intensity, weight, and spatial position relative to other objects. Stimuli can be nonsocial (e.g., a red light, a high-pitched sound) or social (e.g., a friend asking, “Want some more peanuts?”).
Physical features of stimuli (i.e. topography)
Ex: size, color, intensity, weight, and spatial conditions relative to other objects (i.e. prepositions, such as, “on top of the tv” or “to the left of the tv”
Formal Dimensions of Stimuli
Behavior and the environmental conditions that influence it occur within and across time, the temporal location of stimulus changes is important. In particular, the behavior is affected by stimulus changes that occur prior to and immediately after the behavior.
- Refers to time
- Stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to (i.e. antecedents) the behavior of interest and stimulus changes that follow a behavior of interest (i.e consequence)
Temporal Loci of Stimuli
-Stimulus changes are understood best through a functional analysis of their effects on behavior
-The effect of the stimulus on the behavior
-There can be multiple functions of a single stimulus
Ex: Hearing a buzz may mean you have a text message on your phone or your laptop battery is running low
Functionally (Behavioral Functions of Stimulus Changes)
A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits (e.g., bright light–pupil contraction).
Is part of the organism’s genetic endowment, a product of natural evolution because of its survival value to the species.
Reflex
Behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli.
__________ _________ is induced, or brought out, by a stimulus that precedes the behavior; nothing else is required for the response to occur.
Respondent behavior
If the eliciting stimulus is presented repeatedly over a short span of time, the strength or magnitude of the response will diminish, and in some cases, the response may not occur at all. This process of gradually diminishing response strength is known as ___________.
Habituation
_________ _________ takes place when an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response is repeatedly paired with a neutral stimulus. As a result of conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that reliably elicits a conditioned response.
Respondent conditioning
The procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response is called _______ ________.
Respondent extinction.
Conditioned reflexes can also be established by stimulus–stimulus pairing of an NS with a CS. This form of respondent conditioning is called ________ ________ ____________
Higher-order (or secondary) conditioning.
_________ _________ is any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences.
_______ ______ is selected, shaped, and maintained by the consequences that have
followed it in the past.
Operant behavior
Refers to the fact that behavior is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person’s awareness; a person does not have to recognize or verbalize the relation between her behavior and a reinforcing consequence, or even know that a consequence has occurred, for reinforcement to “work.”
Behavior is modified by its consequences regardless of whether the individual is aware that she is being reinforced.
Automaticity of reinforcement
_____________ is the most important principle of behavior and a key element of most behavior change programs designed by a behavior analyst.
Reinforcement
_________ occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus and, as a result, occurs more often in the future.
Positive reinforcement
A stimulus whose termination (or reduction in intensity) functions as reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement
When a behavior is followed by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions.
Punishment
If reinforcement is withheld for all members of a previously reinforced response class, a procedure based on the principle of ____________.
Extinction
Type I and Type II punishment is also known as
Positive Punishment
Negative Punishment
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement.
Unconditioned Reinforcer
- Behavior that is inherited genetically
- Respondent behavior is due to this history
Phylogenic
- Learning that results from an organism’s interaction with his/her environment
- Operant behavior is due to this history
Ontogenic
- Punishment
- Extinction
- Reinforcement
3 Principles of ABA
- Proprioceptive
- Interoceptive
- Exteroceptive
3 Types of Nervous Systems (that are affected by stimuli)
Stimulation from joints, tendons, muscles, etc., necessary for posture, BALANCE, and MOVEMENT (related to internal events)
Ex: After you get off a rollercoaster, you feel dizzy.
Proprioceptive
Stimulation from ORGANS; related to INTERNAL EVENTS
Ex: Headache; hunger pains
Interoceptive
THINK 5 SENSES: Hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, and tasting
Ex: Smelling smoke
Exteroceptive
A research-based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that has been derived from one or more basic principles of behavior and that possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors to warrant its codification and dissemination.
Behavior change tactics
An __________ ________ is a stimulus change that can decrease the future frequency of any behavior that precedes it without prior pairing with any other form of punishment.
Unconditioned punisher
A stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers; sometimes called a secondary or learned reinforcer.
Conditioned reinforcer
A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers; sometimes called secondary or learned punisher.
Conditioned punisher
_________ _______ conditions whose termination functioned as reinforcement.
Aversive stimulus
Behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others.
discriminated operant
A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of behavior is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.
A discriminated operant occurs at a higher frequency in the presence of a given stimulus than it does in the absence of that stimulus, it is said to be under _____ ________.
Stimulus control
A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced; this history of differential reinforcement is the reason an “SD” increases the momentary frequency of the behavior.
discriminative stimulus (SD)
Antecedent, Behavior, and consequence
Three-term contingency
Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.
Contingency
Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.
Contingent
