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Microbio 2302 > Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

A

*single, circular chromosome located in non-membrane bound nucleoid region

*lack organelles

*lack prominent cytoskeleton

*non-cellulosic cell wall

*divide by binary fission

*domains Bacteria and Archea

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2
Q

What are chacterstics of Eukaryotes?

A

*multiple, linear chromosome located in a membrane bound nucleus

*membrane-bound organelles

*extensive, organized cytoskeleton

*Cell division: mitosis meiosis

*cell walls of cellulose

*domain Eukarya

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3
Q

What does the bacterial cell cytoplasm contain?

A

*protiens, RNA, macromolecules

*Water

*Inorganic ions

*small organic molecules

*nucleoid:DNA

*ribosomes

*plasmids

*inclusions

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4
Q

what are the external structure of bacterial cell?

A

*pili

*fimbriae

*Flagellum/flagella

*glycocalyx

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5
Q

What does the inner cell membrane of a bacterial cell contain?

A

*phospholids

*proteins-transport enzymes

*maintain gradients

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6
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall composed of ?

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

Does the gram-positive of bacteria cell have thick or thin cell wall?

A

thick cell wall

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8
Q

What does the following characteristics describe…..
*thin cell wall
*outer cell membrane
*lipopolysaccharide

A

Gram-negative bacteria

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9
Q

What is the general term for extracellular polysaccharide-protein secretions?

A

glycocalyx

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10
Q

Describe Capsules

A

more organized and tightly associated to the cell

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11
Q

Describe slime layer

A

a looser assemblage

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12
Q

what allows for resistance to phagocytosis as virulence factor ?

A

Capsule and slime layer

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13
Q

What serves to provide motility via rotary motion like propeller?

A

Flagella

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14
Q

what is H antigen?

A

flagellin protein

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15
Q

what is the flagellar motion?

A

clockwise (TUMBLE)

counter-clockwise rotary motion (RUN)

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16
Q

What are axial filaments?

A

protein fibers attached to both poles of cell and wrap around the cell underneath an outer sheath

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17
Q

What are fimbriae and pili comprised of ?

A

comprised of protein pilin

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18
Q

what are hair-like appendages, shorter than flagella?

A

Fimbriae and Pili

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19
Q

what is fimbriae used for?

A

*for attachment to surfaces or cells

*important in biofilm formation

*can be virulence factor

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20
Q

What is pili used for?

A

*In DNA transfer (conjugation using sex pilus)

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21
Q

what does the bacteria cell wall do?

A

*provides protection
* confers shape
*helps withstand changes in osmotic pressure

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22
Q

What is linked to plasma membrane in gram postive?

A

Lipoteichoic acids

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23
Q

what is linked to peptidoglycan in gram positive cells?

A

Wall teichoic acids

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24
Q

are teichoic acids positively or negatively charged?

A

negatively

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25
Q

describe gram-negative bacteria:

A

only 1 to a few peptidoglycan layers; bonded to an outermsmbrane via lipoproteins

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26
Q

what does the gram-negative outer membrane consist of ?

A

Porins:permit entry of metabolically important molecules

27
Q

what is the function of gram-negative outer membrane?

A

provides a barrier to certain antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents; a defense against complement and phagocytosis

28
Q

what does the LPS of the outer membrane consist of?

A
  • core polysaccharide
    *Lipid A
    *O polysaccharide
29
Q

what is released when cell dies; functions as endotoxin?

A

lipid A

30
Q

what is linked to core polysaccharide; composed of multiple sugars; confers antigenicity?

A

O polysaccharide

31
Q

what is between the inner membrane and outer membrane?

A

periplasm

32
Q

what is the smallest bacteria that lack cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

33
Q

what is Archie cell wall comprised of ?

A

pseudomurien

34
Q

Which statement(s) among A – F is true?

A. Pasteur’s Germ Theory of Fermentation explains the
nature of infectious disease.

B. Ecologically speaking, you are considered a producer.

C. The common cold virus: example of an EID (emerging
infectious disease)

D. Handwashing with soap = sterilizing method

E. Vaccines work by stimulating your body to produce
antigens.

F. Some microbe types can “eat” completely inorganic
materials for energy.

A

F. Some microbe types can “eat” completely inorganic
materials for energy.

35
Q

The most abundant molecule in a prokaryote
cell would be…
A. DNA
B. Protein
C. Water molecules
D. RNA
E. Lipids (fats)

A

protein

36
Q

ribosome

A

sites of protein synthesis; consist of ribsomal RNA’s and proteins

-assembled into subsunits, large and small that combine to forms the larger functional ribsome

-polyribsome formation

30s+50s=70s

-antibotic targets

37
Q

what is porins?

A

permit enetry of metabolically important molecules

38
Q

membrane proteins provide functionality :

A

-transport
-structural support
-metabolic activity
-communication

39
Q

Passive diffusion

A

simple diffusion & facilitated diffusion: osmosis (diffusion of water)

40
Q

concentration gradient

A

molecule diffuses passively down their gradient High concentration-> low concentration

41
Q

Simple diffusion through

A

the lipid bilayer

42
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across membrane; water molecules move towards area of high solute concentration

43
Q

hypotonic

A

:water moves into the cell. If the cell wall is strong, it contains the swelling.If the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts(osmotic lysis)

44
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy input; for transport of molecules moving against their concentran gradients(low conntration)-> high conentration

45
Q

hypertonic

A

water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

46
Q

isotonic

A

no net movement of water occurs

47
Q

what are cytoplasms solutes?

A

Solutes: waters, proteins, ions, sugars, lipids

48
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

the migration of cells toward attractant chemicals

49
Q

what kind of movement do axial filaments produce?

A

produces corkscrew motion

50
Q

Polysaccharide granules:

A

glycogen, starch to glucose polymers

51
Q

Metachromatic granules (volutin):

A

stores inorganic phosphate

52
Q

Lipid inclusions:

A

PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate)

53
Q

Sulfur granules:

A

from oxidation of H2 S (lithotrophy)
H2S -> S 0 (insoluble granules)

54
Q

Magnetosomes (for magnetotaxis)

A

Move down to depths of lower oxygen

Comprised of magnetite (Fe3O 4) crystals

– Orient along the magnetic field

– Bacteria are anaerobic or microaeroph

55
Q

Gas vacuoles are used for?

A

to maintain proper depth
for optimum O2 , light, nutrient

56
Q

what are carboxysomes?

A

protein-covered bodies

containing Rubisco, the CO2 fixation enzyme;

found in photo-, chemo-autotrophs

57
Q

what are chromatophores?

A

containing photosynthetic pigments

enzymes involved in photosynthesis

58
Q

how are endospores formed?

A

Under environmental stress

59
Q

members of what genera form endospores?

A

members of
the genera Bacillus and Clostridium

60
Q

endospores are highly resistant to what?

A

heating,
freezing,
radiation,
chemicals,
loss of water

61
Q

Morphologies of
endospore-forming
bacteria

A

terminal, subterminal, central, swollen, non-swollen

REMBER PICTURE

62
Q

what is the origin of eukaryotes to prokaryotes?

A

Endosymbiont theory

63
Q

what is the evidence for Endosymbiont theory?

A

-have size similar to bacteria
-posses circular DNA (like bacteria)
-Can duplicate themselves
-affected by antibiotics that inhibit bacteria

64
Q

Mycobacterium cell wall

A

acid-fast – contains waxy mycolic acids external to the peptidoglycan cell wall

Microbio 2302 (15 decks)

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