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Microbio 2302 > Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You (lecture) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You (lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Robert Hooke contribute to?

A

-Use of the first microscope(30x)
-Published drawings in Micrographia

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2
Q

What did Robert Hooke view in the microscope?

A

-viewed the macroscopic life (e.g., insects, molds)

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3
Q

Who was the first to observe single-celled microbes(“animalcules”)?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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4
Q

Define spontaneous generation:

A

life from non-life; abiogenesis

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5
Q

What do the cellular properties of microbes possess?

A

-a genome
-metabolize
-respond to change/evolve reproduce

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6
Q

What are cellular microbes?

A

-Fungi (yeasts, molds)
-Protista(Algae,protozoans)
-Bacteria(E.coli)
-Archea(cyanobacteria)

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7
Q

What are acellular microbes?

A

-Viruses
-Viroids
-Prions

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Prokaryotes(bacteria and archaea)?

A

-Lack of nucleus & organelles
-Single circular Chromosome
-Asexual reproduction
-Cell Wall is common
-Diverse metabolisms(autotrophs & heterotrophs)

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotes (fungi, protists)?

A

-larger
-posses nucleus
-organelles
-reproduce asexually or sexually
-multiple, linear chromosome

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10
Q

What is archaea classified as?

A

extremophiles

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of Thermophile microbes?

A

-grow in hot temperatures (70-110 C)
-hyperthermophiles(>80 C)
-Aerobic/anaerobic
-Sulfur metabolizers

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of Methanogen microbes?

A

-produce methane
-anaerobic
-found in sewage treatment plants, landfills, ruminant animals
-thermophilic types

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Halophile microbes?

A

-require 12-30% NaCl for growth
-Non-chlorophyll based photosynthetic types
-Aerobic

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14
Q

What are viruses?

A

Rna or Dna contains an acellular particle

Parasitic

Require host cells

Takes over host cell

machinery to replicate

Acellular

Made of 1 type of nucleic acid either DNA or RNA

Not considered living

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15
Q

Who discovered prokaryotes in extreme environments?

A

Carl Woese

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15
Q

An example of multicellular assemblages?

A

biofilms

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15
Q

What did the Spallanzani experiment attempt to refute?

A

Spontaneous generation

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15
Q

What is kingdom Monera broken down to?

A

-bacteria domain
-Archaea domain

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15
Q

what did the spallanazani expirement consist of?

A

sealed, sterilized flask failed to grow microbes—-> proponents of abiogenesis lack access to O2 prevented growth

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15
Q

Who refuted spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi

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16
Q

What did Louis Pasteur study?

A

studied fermentations of wine/beer; thought to be a strictly abiological process

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17
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

A

discovered that yeast carry out fermentation;

  • in the absence of oxygen(anaerobic),yeast produce(ethanol)
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18
Q

What did Louis Pasteur refute?

A

-The idea that oxygen is required for growth

-devised the swan neck flask-admitted air but prevented travel of microbe-carrying dust

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19
Q

What did Robert Koch establish scientific principles for?

A

Linking a specific microbe to a specific disease; established chain of infection

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20
Q

Define pure cultures:

A

isolation of distinct colonies

each orginating from a single cell

required solid substrate

21
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

Used a less virulent form of chicken pox vaccine

22
Q

Who attenuated vaccines for fowl cholera & rabies?

A

Pasteur

23
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

use a less virulent form of pathogen

24
Q

How were vaccines attenuated?

A

heat/chemical treatment

25
Q

who first used antisepsis?

A

Semmelewis

26
Q

who first used disinfection?

A

Lister

27
Q

How were microbes produced?

A

naturally by microbes

28
Q

What are the fundamental metabolic types?

A

Heterotrophs & Autotrophs

29
Q

What is the interconversion of inorganic & organic forms N, S, P, C, and other minerals?

A

Geochemical cycling by bacteria

30
Q

what are generally harmless microbes that live stably on and in our bodies?

A

Normal microbiota or microbe

31
Q

What is called when a pathogen successfully enters the host, establishes itself, and produces a disease system?

A

infectious disease

32
Q

What is biofilms?

A

when bacteria form specialized surface-attached communities

33
Q

What are emerging infectious diseases?

A

unknown disease outbreaks

34
Q

How does EID arise?

A

-Mutation
-Acquisition of new genes
-Recombination of genomes
-Cultural & environmental factors

35
Q

what are some examples of EIDs?

A

-ebola virus
-SARS
-MERS
-MRSA VRSA
-West Nile virus
-Swine Flu
-Bird Flu
-Zika Virus

36
Q

Microbe types
which choice below is true?

A. algae: heterotrophic eukaryote

B. bacteria: similar to archaea in that they both lack a nucleus

C. virus: a type of prokaryote cell

D. archaea: generally found in habitats with moderate
environmental conditions

E. protozoan: type of photosynthetic fungus

F. eukarya: has some similarities in common to archaea that
they (eukarya) DO NOT share with bacteria

G. Two of the above is true

A

G. Two of the above is true

37
Q

Microbial size ranges.

A

Eukaryotic microbes: 20-100 um

Prokaryotes microbes: 1-10um

Viruses:0.02 um-0.09 um (20-900 um)

38
Q

What are generally not considered microbes?

A

Multicellular “micro-animals” are not microbes
Ex: water bear
Cells comprising tissues are not microbes

39
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea):

A

Lack of a nucleus and organelles
Single circular chromosome
Asexual reproduction
The cell wall is common

40
Q

Eukaryotes (fungi, protists):

A

Larger, posses nucleus organelles

Reproduce asexually or sexually

Multiple linear chromosomes

41
Q

Thermophiles:

A

Grow in hot temperatures(70-110 C)

aerobic /anaerobic

hyper thermopiles

Sulfur metabolizers

42
Q

Methanogens:

A

Produce methane

Anaerobic

Found in swap(sewage treatment plants,landfills, ruminant animals)

Themophiclic types

43
Q

Halophiles

A

Require 12-30% NaCl for growth

44
Q

Bacteria:

A

-Green nonsulfur bacteria
-Gram-positive bacteria
-Proteobacteria
-Cyanobacteria
-Spirochetes
-Thermotogales

45
Q

Archaea:

A

-crenarchota
-hyperthermophiles
-Sulfur oxidizers
-Halophiles
-Methanogens
-Eukayarchaota

46
Q

Eukarya:

A

-microsporidian
-diplomonads
-trichomonads
-Flagellaates
-Ciliates
-Plants
-Fungi
-Animals
-Slime molds
-entamoebas

47
Q

Acellular:

A

Viruses composed of protein, nuclic acid

Viroids composed of RNA

Prions composed protein

48
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotes (organisms whose cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cells’ DNA)

Either unicellular or multicellular

Primarily composed chitlin
Can reproduce sexually or asexually

Obtain nourishment by absorbing organic material from their environment

49
Q

Protoza:

A

Are unicellular eukaryotic microbes

Move by pseudopods, flagella or cilia

They use light as a source of energy and carbon dioxide

Can produce sexually or asexually

50
Q

Algae

A

Photosynthetic eukaryotes

Sexual and asexual reproduction forms

Cell walls are composed of cellulose

Abundant in freshwater salt water and soil

Produce oxygen and carbohydrates

Play an important role in the balance of nature

51
Q

Similarities between eukaryotic & prokaryotic:

A

both contain nucleic acids

Proteins

Kioids

Carbohydrates

Some kinds of chemical reactions metabolize

52
Q

Slime layer

A

looser assemblage

53
Q

what can be virulent factor in pathogens?

A

Slime layer

54
Q

what serves to provide motility via rotary motion like a propeller consist of:

A

flagella protein

55
Q

what are axial filaments?

A

are protein fibers attached to both poles of cell and wrap around the cell, underneath an outer sheath

56
Q

what is pili?

A

hair like appendages shorter and thinner than flagella

57
Q

what is fimbraie ?

A

few to >100 on cell; for attachment to surfaces or cells

-important in biofilm formation

-can be a virulence factor

Microbio 2302 (15 decks)

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