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Microbio 2302 > Ch.14 Principles of Disease & Epidemiology Part 1 > Flashcards

Ch.14 Principles of Disease & Epidemiology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathology

A

is the cause & effects of disease

communicable or not communicable

occurrence

incidence & prevalence of disease

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2
Q

Define Etiology

A

cause of disease

Ex: Koch postulates, fever,
feeling tired

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3
Q

define pathogenesis

A

the manner in which disease develops

extent of infection
severity of disease
host resistance or susceptibility -> predisposing factors

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4
Q

define bodily changes

A

structural/functional changes to disease
Sign & symptoms

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5
Q

define virulence

A

severity of disease ( how serious it is)

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6
Q

define pathogenicity

A

the ability of a pathogen to cause disease

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7
Q

infectious disease cycle

A
  1. microbial pathogen enters reservoir (habitat of the pathogen)
  2. transmission: infection someone
  3. susceptible host
  4. enters host
  5. Met with host barriers
  6. invade host
  7. damage host
  8. pathology
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8
Q

what is normal microbiota?

A

bacteria you acquire at birth which you acquire more of as you develop

does not cause harm

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9
Q

define transient microbes:

A

the microbes that are present in an animal for a short time w/o causing disease.

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10
Q

What can determine the distribution and composition of the normal microbiota?

A

NUTRIENTS,
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL FACTORS, DEFENSES OF THE HOST, MECHANICAL FACTORS

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11
Q

what are the physical and chemical factors that impact normal microbiota?

A

-Temperature
-pH
-available Oxygen
-CO2
-Salinity
-Sunlight

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12
Q

what is the purpose of normal microbiota?

A

prevent the overgrowth of harmful microbes (called Microbial Antagonism or Competitive Exclusion)

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13
Q

define competitive exclusion

A

growth of some microbes prevents the growth of other microbes

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14
Q

what is microbial antagonism?

A
  • involves competition among microbes.
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15
Q

how does normal microbiota protect the host?

A

by competing for NUTRIENTS

producing SUBSTANCES HARMFUL to the invading microbes

affecting conditions such as pH and available OXYGEN.

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16
Q

describe the relationship between the host and normal microbiota.

A

the symbiotic relationship between host & normal microbiota

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17
Q

explain commensalism

A

One organism benefits and the other is UNAFFECTED

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18
Q

explain mutualism

A

benefits BOTH organisms

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19
Q

explain parasitism

A

one organism benefits by deriving nutrients at the expense of the other
-many disease-causing bacteria

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20
Q

what are opportunistic pathogens?

A

ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person, but may do so in a different environment
(Asymptomatic carriers)

Ex: Microbes that gain access through broken skin or mucous membranes can cause opportunistic infections

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21
Q

what are primary pathogens?

A

disease-causing pathogens that are not a part of the normal microbiota

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22
Q

Explain the process of Koch’s postulates:

A
  1. microorganisms are isolated from diseased animal

2a: the microorganisms are grown in pure culture

2b: the microorganism are identified

  1. The microorganisms are injected into a healthy laborer animal
  2. disease is reproduced in lab animal

5a. microorganism is isolated from this animal and grown in pure culture

5b. Microorganisms are identified

  1. the microorganism from the diseased host caused the same disease in a laboratory host
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23
Q

what were Koch’s postulates?

A
  1. The same pathogen present in all cases
  2. isolation of the pathogen from diseased host to obatin pure culture
  3. pure culture isolates to cause disease in susceptible host
  4. re-isolate pathogen from 2nd host; confirm same as from the first host
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24
Q

Koch believed what?

A

the pathogen is only present in diseased animal

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25
what were Koch's postulate exceptions?
healthy individuals could be carriers: be infected and show no symptoms culturability of the microbe: some cannot be grown in a lab similarity of symptoms of disease and the same disease caused by multiple pathogens the same pathogen causing different disease conditions viral agents
26
what are symptoms classified as?
subjective(cannot measure) ex: malaise, headache, dry throat
27
what are signs classified as?
objective (measurable, visible ex: fever rash swelling
28
what is a syndrome?
a group of signs/ symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular abnormality or condition (genetic) ex: down syndrome, Asperger's
29
what are communicable diseases?
can directly/ indirectly spread from host to host typically have vaccines for it ex: measles, chickenpox, flu, STDs
30
what are contagious diseases?
easily spread from person to person ex: plague, cold, pink eye
31
what are non-communicable diseases?
do not spread from host to host ex: tetanus
32
what is incidence?
number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular period (indicated spread of disease)
33
what is prevalence?
number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared (old & new cases; indicated seriousness of the disease)
34
what do incidence and prevalence both do?
enable an estimation of the range of a disease's occurrence its tendency to affect certain groups
35
what is the frequency of occurrence of disease?
sporadic endemic epidemic pandemic
36
define sporadic
disease occurs infrequently ex: tetanus
37
define endemic
the disease is always present ex: common cold, cholera
38
define epidemic
rapid development of disease in a specific area
39
define pandemic
worldwide epidemic ex: covid-19
40
acute disease:
symptoms develop rapidly short time frame Ex: flu
41
chronic disease:
disease develops slowly longer time frame Ex: tuberculosis
42
subacute disease:
symptoms between acute & chronic
43
latent disease:
disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive ex: shingles, cold sore
44
what is herd community?
immune individuals act as barriers to the spread of infection advantage of vaccination: those not immune are protected
45
what is a local infection?
limited, confined to a specific area
46
what is a systemic infection?
spreads throughout the body via the circulatory/ lymphatic system ex: measles
47
what is a focal infection?
spread from local infection to specific parts of the body; teeth tonsils, sinuses
48
what is a sepsis infection?
inflammatory condition due to the presence of toxins/bacteria in blood- spread from the focus of infection ex: septicemia
49
what is a primary infection?
causes initial illness (acute) ex: cold or flu
50
what is a secondary infection?
caused by opportunistic pathogen following primary infection occurs when susceptible ex: ammonia
51
what is a subclinical (inapparent) infection?
no noticeable signs or symptoms of illness
52
development of disease
incubation- no signs or symptoms prodromal-mild signs or symptoms period of illness- most severe signs & symptoms period of decline: symptoms decrease period of convalescentence
53
what are some predisposing factors?
female vs males inherited traits climate & weather fatigue age lifestyle Chemotherapy
54
what source of the disease microbes?
reservoir of infection
55
what is an example of a reservoir?
humans: show symptoms of the disease or do not (carriers) ex: HIV, STDS, Meningitis animals: zoonoses Ex:(rabies; Lyme disease, ebola) nonliving: soil water ex:tetanus, cryptospdosis, chlorea, Legionella
56
what do carriers have?
inapparent infections or have latent disease
57
what is the infection cycle?
is the route an organism takes from one individual to another
58
how is a disease transmitted directly?
physical contact source & host
59
how is a disease transmitted indirectly?
transmission via inanimate object-> fomite
60
how is a disease transmitted via droplet?
short distance; sneezing coughing travels <1 meter
61
how do vehicles transmit disease?
transmit diseases via water food or air also blood drugs
62
how are waterborne diseases transmitted?
contaminated (fecal) water the water treatment system is compromised
63
how are airborne diseases transmitted?
dust particles pet dander
64
how are foodborne diseases transmitted?
contaminated food storage @ improper temperature undercooked food unsanitary handling of food
65
how are congenital diseases transmitted?
mother-> child
66
what are vectors?
typically insects
67
define mechanical transmission:
passive via body parts
68
define biological transmisison:
involves parasite life cycle specific to certain diseases
69
what are healthcare-associated infections?
are acquired as a result of receiving treatment at a healthcare facility
70
Microorganisms in hospital environment
opportunistic pathogens: present a danger to hospital patients (drug-resistant and are previous types
71
chain of transmission:
direct contact from staff or other patients; indirect( fomites, airborne)
72
compromised host
resistance to infection is impaired by disease therapy or burns host compromised due to broker skin or mucous membranes and suppressed immune system
73
what are universal precautions?
to reduce the transmission of microbes in healthcare and residential settings
74
what are standard precautions?
basic minimum applied to all levels ex: aseptic technique handling of contaminated materials frequent handwashing use of isolation rooms and wards use of PPE educate staff
75
what are emerging infectious diseases?
new or changing, show an increase in incidence in the recent past, or show a potential to increase shortly
76
what can EID be caused by?
virus bacterium fungus protozoan helminth
77
what are the criteria for identifying EID?
distinctive disease symptoms improved diagnostic techniques allow ID of new pathogen the local disease becomes widespread the rare disease becomes common mild disease becomes more severe
78
what are the factors contributing to EIDs?
genetic recombination/evolution misuse of antibiotics/pesticides climate change increased human transportation ecological changes public health failure
79
what is epidemiology?
the study of where & when diseases occur and how they are transmitted in the population
80
what is epidemiology important for
determining the etiology of the disease identifying other important factors concerning the spread of disease (demographic data, socioeconomic status; common histories) developing methods for controlling a disease( control of reservoirs, food inspection, sewage disposal) assembling data and graphs to outline the incidence of disease (determine disease frequency; test effectiveness of disease control (vaccination)
81
what is decriptive epidemiology?
collection and analysis of data describing the occurrence of disease
82
what did John Snow do?
mapped occurrence of cholera cases in London source traced to Broad Street water pump
83
what is analytical epidemiology?
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
84
what did Florence Nightingale do?
used medical statistics to demonstrate high mortality rate due to disease (typhus) among soldiers during the war
85
what is experimental epidemiology?
it involves a hypothesis and controlled experiments
86
what did Semmelweis do?
handwashing decreased the incidence of childbirth fever (puerperal sepsis)
87
what is case reporting?
health care workers report specified diseases to local, state, and national offices ex: AIDS, meningitis, STD's tetanus
88
what is the purpose of case reporting?
it establishes the chain of transmission
89
what are physicians required to report occurrence?
nationally notifiable infectious diseases
90
what does the CDC do?
collects & analyzes epidemiological info in the U.S. Publish morbidity & mortality weekly report (MMWR)
91
what is morbidity?
incidence of a specific notifiable disease
92
what is mortality?
deaths from notifiable diseases

Microbio 2302 (15 decks)

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