Ch.17 Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what are antigens (Ag)?

A

are molecules that in the body activate lymphocytes

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2
Q

what do B cells do?

A

interact w/antigen via surface immunoglobins i.e, antibodies

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3
Q

what do T cells do?

A

interact w/ antigen via surface antigen receptors

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4
Q

how does interaction with antigens with smaller segments occur

A

epitopes or antigenic determinants

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5
Q

what are epitopes that elicit an immune response?

A

protein, peptide, or complex polysaccharides

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6
Q

what are variable regions?

A

possess variable amino acid sequences and are antigen-binding sites

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7
Q

what are the antibody classes of IgG, IgD, and IgE?

A

monomer forms

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8
Q

what are the antibody classes of IgM, and IgA?

A

are aggerates of 2 or more monomers

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9
Q

describe IgA

A

dimer

found mainly on mucosal surfaces & in secretions

prevents pathogen attachment to surfaces

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10
Q

describe IgG

A

monomer

most abundant in blood and tissue fluids

opsonization

activate complement

neutralize viruses

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11
Q

describe IgD

A

found on B cells & in blood, lymph

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12
Q

describe IgM

A

The circulating type is a pentamer

generally remains in blood vessels

first Ab detected in immune response

effective in aggulation & complement activation

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13
Q

describe IgE

A

found on the surface of mast cells & basophils

cause release of histamines & other chemicals by the cells in the presence of antigen

can attract complement, phagocytic cells

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14
Q

what is the humoral immune response most effective?

A

extracellular pathogens

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15
Q

what is the humoral immune response to a microbe?

A

is a composite of responses to different epitopes by thousands of b cells

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16
Q

what do B cells possess?

A

surface immunoglobins that bind to their specific epitope which activate B Cell

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17
Q

what do b cells require

A

T dependent antigens

T helper cells that interact with each other

18
Q

how do T helper cells bind antigens?

A

via MHC class II receptors on B cells

19
Q

what is the key to B cell response?

A

clonal selection

20
Q

what is clonal selection?

A

the proliferation of B cells that respond to a specific antigen

21
Q

what happens when a B cell contracts its cognate antigen?

A

it is stimulated to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells (secrete antibodies) and memory cells

22
Q

what are T-indpendnet antigens?

A

B cells do not require Th cells for activation

23
Q

primary antibody response

A

following infection or vaccination

antibodies appear in serum after several days

24
Q

during the lag period, b cells that bind antigens differentiate into:

A

antibody-producing plasma cells (first IgM->IgG)

25
Q

secondary antibody response

A

via a second exposure to a pathogen or booster dose

due to memory b cells

a much bigger response with mostly IgG

basis for immunization

26
Q

what are the protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigens?

A

Agglutination- reduced # of infectious units to be dealt with

opsonization-coating antigen with antibody enchancespahgocytosis

neutralization-blocks adhesion of bacteria and viruses to the mucosa

activation of complement-causes inflammation and cell lysis

antibodies attached to target cells destroy by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

27
Q

what is cell-mediated immunity?

A

it involves T cells

28
Q

what do t cells do in cell-mediated immunity?

A

recognize antigens that are presented to them on the surface of cells infected with intracellular pathogens

29
Q

what are T cytotoxic cells?

A

differentiate into cytotoxic lymphocytes

target self-cells altered by infection with pathogen( viruse & bacteria);cancer cells

30
Q

what do T cytotoxic cells do?

A

recognize endogenous antigens combined with MHC class I molecules via CTL CD8+ co-receptor

31
Q

What do T cytotoxic cells kill?

A

kill target cells via perforin orations and induction of apoptosis by the introduction of granzymes into the target cell

32
Q

what do T helper cells recognize?

A

antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

specifically dendritic cells and macrophages

33
Q

How do CD4+ co-receptors help T helper cells?

A

allows T helpers to bind antigens combined with MHC class II molecules on the APCs

34
Q

what does the activation of T helper cells cause?

A

release of various cytokines

35
Q

t helper 1 cells:

A

cytokines activate macrophages, complement, promote inflammation & opsonization, & differentiation of CTLs

36
Q

T helper 2 cells:

A

cytokines mainly for antibody production by B cells

37
Q

naturally acquired
ACTIVE

A

active: antigens enter the body naturally body induces antibodies

38
Q

naturally acquired
PASSIVE

A

passive: antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant

39
Q

Artificially acquired
ACTIVE

A

antigens are introduced in vaccines;
body produced antibodies

40
Q

Artificially acquired
PASSIVE

A

preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by infection

41
Q

which antibody is the response is fastest, largest, and longer, and what causes it?

A

secondary antibody response

due to memory B cell