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Psych 344 > Chapter 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Ethical Guidelines for Psychology Research Flashcards

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1
Q

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Three Major Ethics Violations

A
  1. The participants were not retreated respectfully
    - Not informed with the study
    - No consent form
  2. The participants were harmed
  3. The participants were a targeted, disadvantaged social group
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2
Q

The Belmong Report Principle 1:

Respect for Pearsons

A
  • Emphasizes that everyone should be treated as autonomous agents
    — Free to make up their own minds about whether they wish to participate in a research study
    — Entitled to the precaution of informed consent
  • Individuals with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
    — Entitled to special protection when it comes to informed consent
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3
Q

Informed Consent Process

A
  1. Voluntariness
  2. Information
  3. Comprehension
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4
Q

Informed Consent Process

Voluntariness

A

Coercion: An implicit or explicit suggestion that those who do not participate will suffer a negative consequence

Undue Influence: Make decisions with no influence

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5
Q

Informed Consent Process

Information

A
  • All information should be provided to a research
  • Inform any health concerns
  • Details of the nature and purpose of the research
  • The duration of the subjects participation
  • Detailed description
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6
Q

Informed Consent Process

Comprehension

A
  • Given in clear language that is understandable
  • Form consent should be in simple language
  • When involves children, it is important to have both consent one from the parent and the other one is for the children
    — Emphasize that the children is free to say (emphasize the voluntariness)
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7
Q

The Belmong Report Principle 2:

Benefiecence

A

Maximize possible benefits and minimize risks
- Obligation to protect participants from harm (Maximizing the benefits)
- If there is no way to minimize the study, the study cannot be done or supported

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8
Q

Benefiecence

Example of Risks in Studies

A
  • Emotional distress
  • Psychological trauma
  • Embarrassment
  • Loss of Employment - financial loss
  • Social stigmatization
  • Shame or guilt
  • Invasion of privacy
  • Breach of Confidentiality
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9
Q

Benefience

Ways to Mitigate Risks of the Study

A
  1. Confidentiality
  2. Privacy
  3. Anonymity
  4. Debriefing
  5. Emphaszing Voluntary
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10
Q

Ways to Mitigate Risks of the Study

Confidentiality

A
  • Concerns how identifiable information is kept safe (how you handle data)
  • Make sure the data is collected the right way
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11
Q

Ways to Mitigate Risks of the Study

Privacy

A

Protection from getting access to others (the people)

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12
Q

Ways to Mitigate Risks of the Study

Anonymity

A
  • Anonymity can be a way of privacy
  • The condition of being anonymous
  • Works better conducting the study on line
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13
Q

Ways to Mitigate Risks of the Study

Debriefing

A

Emphasizing more about the purpose of the study

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14
Q

Ways to Mitigate Risks of the Study

Emphasizing Voluntary

A

Nature of participation and freedom to refuse to answer or withdraw from the study at any time without penalty

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15
Q

The Belmong Report Principle 3:

Justice

A
  • Calls for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it
  • Making sure participants are selected fairly
  • Participants shouldnt be base on race or gender unless there’s a scientific reason to
  • When the principle of justice is applied, it means that researchers consider the extend to which the participants involved in a study are representative of the kidneys of people who would also benefit from its result
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16
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A
  • Committee responsible for ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically
  • Reviews research study to make sure the study is ethical
  • It can be rejected or approve
  • Use the federal guidelines
  • Set of guidelines that IRB follows
17
Q

Debriefing

A
  • The researcher describes the nature of the deception and explain why it was necessary
  • The researcher describes the design of the study, thereby giving the participant some insight about the nature of psychological science
18
Q

Deception

A
  • Researchers withheld some details of the study from participants - deception through omission. In other cases, researcher actively lied to participants - deception through commission (It’s necessary to obtain meaningful results)
  • Some psychologists believe that deception undermines peoples trust in the research process and should never be used in a study design
19
Q

Form of Research Misconduct

Data falsification

A

Collect data but might delete some data point so it can fit your hypothesis

20
Q

Form of Research Misconduct

Data Fabrication

A

Making up data without even collecting data so can fit in your hypothesis

21
Q

Form of Research Misconduct

Plagiarism

A
  • “The appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit”
  • A violation of ethics because it is unfair for a research to take credit for another person’s intellectual property: it is a form of stealing
  • Must cite the sources if all ideas that are not your own
22
Q

The Animal Welfare Act (AWA)

A
  • Federal law
  • Regulates the treatments of animals, teaching testing
  • Anytime animales are involved need to follow the guideline
  • Outlines standards and guidelines for the treatment of animals
  • Applies to many species of animals in research laboratories and other contexts, including zoos and pet stores
  • Mandates that relevant research institutions have a local board the IACUC
23
Q

Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

A
  • Constitutional level
  • Needs to be approved by the act when trying to conduct a research
  • Must approve any animal research project before it can begin
  • Contain a veterinarian, practicing scientist who is familiar with the goal and procedures of animal research and a members of the local community who is unconnected with the institution
  • Requires researcher to submit an extensive protocol specifying how animals would be treated and protected
  • Included the scientific justification for the research
  • They do not cover mice, rats and birds but such species are included in the oversight at IACUC boards
  • Monitors the treatments of animals throughout the research process
24
Q

Animal Care Guidelines and the Four R’s

A
  1. Replacement
  2. Refinement
  3. Reduction
  4. Rehabilitation
25
Q

Replacement

A
  • Need to find an alternatives when using animals in research when possible

Example: some studies can use computer simulation instead of animal subjects

26
Q

Refinement

A
  • Refining or altering research procedure in aspect of animal care
  • Researchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress
27
Q

Reduction

A
  • Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects possible
  • Using the fewest number of animals in the study
28
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Caring for the animals after the study ends

Psych 344 (14 decks)

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