Chapter 4 Enzymes

Question 0

What is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is into the?

Answer 0

Hypertonic solution

Question 1

What allows the cell to move substances into the cell without moving it through the plasma membrane?

Answer 1

Both phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Question 2

What is energy?

Answer 2

Energy is the ability to do work.

Question 3

Compare potential and kinetic energy.

Answer 3

Potential energy is stored energy available to do work.

Kinetic energy is energy being used to do work.

Question 4

Explain the first and second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 4

First law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can be converted to others form.

Second law states that all energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to the surroundings as heat.

Question 5

What is thermodynamics?

Answer 5

It is the study of energy transformation.

Question 6

What is metabolism?

Answer 6

The break down of existing molecules to build new structure and repair old ones.

Question 7

Compare endergonic and exergonic reactions.

Answer 7

Endergonic requires an input of energy to proceed.

Exergonic releases energy.

Question 8

How do cells avoid chemical equilibrium.

Answer 8

They do this by preventing the accumulation of products

Question 9

Explain oxidation-reduction reactions.

Answer 9

It transfer energized electrons from one molecule to another.

Question 10

What is electron transport chain?

Answer 10

Each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it passes it to the next.

Question 11

How are electron transport chain used during photosynthesis and respiration?

Answer 11

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Question 12

What is ATP?

Answer 12

It temporarily store much of the released energy.

Question 13

How does ATP temporarily store small amounts of cellular energy?

Answer 13

ATP holds energy released in exergonic reaction. ATP is a type of nucleotide the phosphate groups place three negative charges very close to one another. This arrangement makes the molecules unstable so it releases energy.

Question 14

What is a coupled reaction?

Answer 14

Are simultaneous reactions in which one provides the energy that drives the other.

Question 15

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 15

Transferring its phosphate group to another.

Question 16

What is an enzyme?

Answer 16

It is an organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Question 17

How are they match makers?

Answer 17

An enzyme’s active site has a specific shape that binds to one or more substrates. After the reaction is complete, the enzyme releases the product.

Question 18

What is osmosis?

Answer 18

Is the simple diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Question 19

What is concentration gradient?

Answer 19

A solute is more concentrated in one region than in a neighboring region.

Question 20

What is isotonic?

Answer 20

Solute concentration is the same as the inside of the cell.

Question 21

What is hypotonic?

Answer 21

The solute concentration is lower than it is inside the cell.

Question 22

What is hypertonic?

Answer 22

Surroundings have a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm.

Question 23

Compare methods by which materials enter and leave the cell.

Answer 23

Passive transport is when a substance moves across a membrane without the direct expenditure of energy.

Osmosis is two solutions of different concentrations may be separated by a selectively permeable membrane through which water, but not solutes can pass.

Active transport is transport protein moves substances against its concentration gradient requires energy.

Endocytosis is membrane engulfs a substance and draws it into the cell.

Executors is vesicles fuses with cell membrane, releasing substances outside of the cell.

Facilitated diffusion is substances to which the membrane is not permeable move across the membrane with the assistance of transport proteins.

Exocytosis vesicles fuses with cell membrane, releasing substances outside of the cell.

Question 24

What is turgor pressure?

Answer 24

It is the resulting force of water against the cell wall.

Question 25

How do cells maintain concentration gradient?

Answer 25

The cell maintains the gradients either by continually consuming the substances as they diffuse in or by producing more of the substances that diffuse out.

Question 26

How does osmosis affect cell shape?

Answer 26

1. A human red blood cell is isotonic to the surrounding plasma. Water enters and leaves the cell at the same rate, and the cell maintains its shape.
2. When the salt concentration of the plasma decreases, water flows into the cell faster than it leaves. The cell swells and may even burst.
3. In salty surroundings, the cell loses water and shrinks.

Question 27

What is the molecular makeup of the cell membrane?

Answer 27

Phospholipids, proteins, Carbohydrates.

Question 28

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 28

Diverse proteins moving in a fluid bilateral of phospholipids the current model of the cell membrane.

Question 29

What is phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Answer 29

Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis: cell drinking

Question 30

Compare endocytosis and Exocytosis

Answer 30

Endocytosis is movement into cell by forming a vesicles from the cell membrane.

Exocytosis is movement out of a cell by merging a vesicles with the cell membrane.

Question 31

What does oxidation means?

Answer 31

Loss of electrons.

Question 32

What does reduction mean?

Answer 32

Gain of electrons.

Question 33

What is metabolic pathway?

Answer 33

It is a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is quickly consumed In the next reaction.