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Biology 101 > Chapter 10: Patterns Of Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Patterns Of Inheritance Flashcards

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0
Q

Why is Mendel the father of genetics?

A

His experiment with the pea plants help jump start the study of genetics.

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1
Q

Who was the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

Define allele

A

Alternative forms

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3
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

Look alike and have the same sequence of genes in the same positions.

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4
Q

Define gene.

A

Is a portion of DNA whose sequence of nucleotides encodes a protein.

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5
Q

What is the relationship between allele pairs and homologous pairs of chromosomes?

A

The two homologous may or may not carry the same alleles. Since each homologous comes from a different parent, each person inherits two alleles for each gene in the human genome.

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6
Q

Compare autosomes and sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes are chromosomes that are the same for both sexes.

Sex chromosomes determines whether a person is a male or female.

A person with X and X are female and a male are X and Y.

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7
Q

Compare haploid and diploid.

A

Haploid has one set of chromosomes.

Diploid contains two sets of chromosomes, with one set inherited from each parent.

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8
Q

What is the P generation?

A

The parental generation.

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9
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

Offspring of P generation.

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10
Q

What is the F2 generation.

A

Offspring of F1 generation.

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11
Q

Define chromosome.

A

A continuous molecule of DNA plus associated proteins.

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12
Q

Define gene?

A

A sequence of DNA that encodes a protein.

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13
Q

Define locus.

A

The physical location of a gene on a chromosome.

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14
Q

Define allele

A

One of the alternative forms of a specific gene.

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15
Q

Define dominant allele

A

An allele that is expressed if present in the genotype.

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16
Q

Define recessive allele.

A

An allele whose expression is masked by a dominant allele.

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17
Q

Compare homozygous and heterozygous?

A

Homozygous-possessing identical alleles of one gene.

Heterozygous-possessing different alleles of one gene.

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18
Q

Compare genotype and phenotype.

A

Genotype expresses the genetic makeup of an individual.

Phenotype are observable characteristics.

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19
Q

Why are peas a good organismic for genetic studies?

A

Pea plants are easy to grow, develop quickly, and produce many offspring.

20
Q

Why don’t humans make a good choice?

A

It takes to long to observe.

21
Q

How did Mendel uncover the some alleles are dominant and some are recessive?

A

Dominant alleles appear to mask recessive alleles.

22
Q

How do the alleles end up in different gametes?

A

Punnett square uses the genotypes of parents to reveal which allele combinations the offspring may inherit.

23
Q

Define monohybrid cross.

A

A mating between two individuals that are both heterozygous for the same gene.

24
Q

Define test cross.

A

Is a mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

25
Q

Explain the law of segregation?

A

The law of segregation states that two alleles of each gene are packaged into separate gametes.

26
Q

How does meiosis explain the law of segregation?

A

During meiosis, homologous pairs of chromosomes segregate from one another and are packaged into separate gametes. At fertilization, gametes combine at random to form the next generation

27
Q

Define dihybrid cross.

A

Is a mating between individuals that are each heterozygous for two genes.

28
Q

Explain the law of independent assortment.

A

Law of independent assortment states that during gamete formation, the segregation of the alleles for one gene does not influence the alleles for another gene.

29
Q

Why do alleles on different chromosomes move independently of each other?

A

?

30
Q

How is the product rule related to genetics laws

A

The product states that the chance that two independent events will both occur equals the product of the individual chances that each event will occur.

31
Q

Define linkage.

A

Collection of genes that tended to be inherited together.

32
Q

Define crossing over.

A

An exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1.

33
Q

Explain why some dihybrid cross combinations do not seem to follow the law of independent assortment.

A

When genes are not linked on the same chromosomes, they assort independently. The gametes then represent all possible allele combinations, and the cross yields the expected phenotypic ratio.

34
Q

Compare incomplete dominance and codominance.

A

Incomplete dominance is when the heterozygous has a third phenotype that is intermediate between those of the two homozygotes.

Codominance is two different alleles are expressed together in the phenotype.

35
Q

What is an example of an incomplete dominance.

A

A red flowered snapdragon of genotype r1 r1 crossed with a white flowered r2 r2 plant gives rise to an r1 r2 plant with pink flowers.

36
Q

What is an example of codominance.

A

A person’s ABO blood type is determined by the I gene, which has three possible alleles: Ia, Ib, and I.

37
Q

Define pleiotropic.

A

One gene has multiple effects on the phenotype.

38
Q

Define Epistasis.

A

Occurs when one gene product affects the expression of another gene.

39
Q

What is an example of Epistasis.

A

Male pattern baldness a genetic condition is associated with gradual hair loss, which hides the effects of the allele for a widow’s peak hairline.

40
Q

What is an example of pleiotropic.

A

A single connective tissue protein abnormality causes Marfan syndrome.

41
Q

Define sex linked.

A

The alleles controlling them are on the X or Y chromosomes.

42
Q

Compare the inheritance patterns of sex linked recessive disorders in males and females.

A

X linked recessive disorder affect more males than females. Thomas hunt was the first to unravel the unusual inheritance patterns associated with genes on the X chromosome.

43
Q

Why do x linked recessive traits more common in males and females

A

A female therefore exhibits an x linked recessive disorder only if she inherits the recessive alleles from both parents. A male in contrast express every allele on his single X chromosome whether dominant or recessive.

44
Q

Define Pedigree.

A

Charts depicting family relationships and phenotype are useful for determining the mode of inheritance.

45
Q

How does the environment affect phenotype?

A

The temperature of the environment can affect the phenotype. An example in humans is the fetal alcohol syndrome.

46
Q

Define polygenic?

A

The phenotype reflects the activities of more than one gene.

47
Q

Identify several traits which are affected by polygenic inheritance.

A

Baldness, eye color, height.

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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