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Chapter 4: Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

complex signaling system in the body that produces hormones to regulate essential functions and support exercise demands and recovery

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

the endocrine system is important in strength and conditioning due to its critical role in the development of?

A

training periodization

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3
Q

describes the physiologic changes your body goes through as it responds to stress, occurs through stages

A

general adaptation syndrome

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4
Q

what is the ultimate goal with the general adaptation syndrome?

A

promote adaptations and recovery while managing fatigue and stress

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5
Q

increased resistance to stress

A

adaptation

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6
Q

increased resistance to exercise stress

A

training adaptation

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7
Q

reapplication of an increased stress

A

progressive overload

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8
Q

the study of interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

neuroendocrinology

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9
Q

the study of the connection between the neural, endocrine, and immune systems in the remodeling process of muscle

A

neuroendocrine immunology

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10
Q

_____ are intimately involved with protein synthesis and degradation mechanisms that are part of muscle adaptations to resistance exercise

A

hormones

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11
Q

anabolic hormones

A

hormones that promote tissue building

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12
Q

examples of anabolic hormones

A

testosterone
growth hormone
IGF-1
insulin

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13
Q

catabolic hormones

A

hormones used to degrade cell proteins

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14
Q

examples of catabolic hormones

A

cortisol
epinephrine
norepinephrine
progesterone

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15
Q

what is another important action of anabolic hormones in the building of tissues?

A

block the negative effects on protein metabolism of catabolic hormones

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16
Q

increased performance following a period of training stress

A

supercompensation

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17
Q

binding sites on receptors that allow substances other than hormones to enhance or reduce the cellular response to the primary hormone

A

allosteric binding sites

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18
Q

a receptor partially interacts with other hormones

A

cross reactivity

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19
Q

reduced ability of a hormone to interact with a receptor

A

downregulation

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20
Q

maximal amount of protein added to a muscle fiber is an example of what type of downregulation? acute or chronic

A

acute

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21
Q

what is a primary example of chronic downregulation?

A

type II diabetes: overstimulation causes insulin resistance

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22
Q

increased ability of a hormone to interact with a receptor

A

upregulation

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23
Q

three main categories of hormones

A

steroid
polypeptide
amine

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24
Q

most prominent amine hormones involved with exercise

A

catecholamines

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25
class of hormones including testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol that can diffuse across the sarcolemma and bind with its receptor to form a HRC
steroid hormones
26
class of hormones made of amino acid chains including growth hormone and insulin that bind to membrane receptors and act via secondary messengers inside the cell
polypeptide hormones
27
true or false: hormone responses are tightly linked to the characteristics of the resistance exercise protocol
true
28
despite having lower levels, why do women better use the amount of testosterone present following a resistance exercise stimulus?
the androgen receptors in females are dynamic and have a faster upregulation than men
29
primary male androgen that is anabolic AND anti catabolic and binds with skeletal muscle tissue
testosterone
30
why is ingesting protein and carbohydrates before a workout important in terms of testosterone?
upregulates skeletal muscle androgen content
31
what has been shown to increase growth hormone response to exercise?
birth control
32
normal fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the day
diurnal variations
33
true or false: it is possible to manipulate the endocrine system with resistance training in order to improve performance
true
34
order of anabolic hormone release in response to resistance exercise
1st: testosterone 2nd: growth hormone 3rd: ICF-1
35
2 main neuroendocrine hormones
testosterone and growth hormone
36
what is the primary hormone that influences the nervous system and how does it accomplish this?
testosterone, increases neurotransmitters to increase force production potential (more motor units recruited)
37
the amount of hormone released after an exercise depends on what 3 things?
amount of muscle tissue activated load rest interval
38
would a back squat or a bicep curl create more hormone secretion?
squat (more muscle tissue activated)
39
true or false: testosterone has a greater neuromuscular response than growth hormone
true
40
__________ increases the concentrations, number of receptors, and membrane/receptor sensitivity of anabolic hormones
heavy resistance training
41
catabolic > anabolic actions downregulation of receptors
overtraining
42
when are hormone receptor interactions greatest?
when exercise acutely increase blood concentrations of the hormones
43
what do acute hormonal secretions tell the body about physiological stress?
amount and type
44
when are hormone receptors less sensitive?
closer to max genetic potential chronic elevated levels due to disease exercise prescription mistakes
45
which hormone promotes the release of growth hormone?
testosterone
46
exercising with large muscle groups will result in an acute increase in the concentration of what hormone?
testosterone
47
how can we maximize testosterone concentration with resistance training?
short rest periods heavy resistance moderate to high volume large muscle groups
48
more free testosterone is present following resistance training in men or women?
men
49
on average, how much more testosterone do men have compared to women?
15-20x more
50
true or false: there is a significant difference in testosterone levels in prepubescent males and females
false
51
why is strength similar for males and females until the age of 14?
adaptations are neuromuscular, rather than from muscular hypertrophy
52
at what point in life can we start to see significant changes due to testosterone?
puberty
53
which hormone stimulates IGF-1 secretion?
growth hormone
54
when do growth hormone secretions increase?
at night
55
what can we do to enhance growth hormone secretion?
get adequate sleep
56
how can we maximize growth hormone concentration with resistance training?
short rest periods moderate to heavy loads
57
true or false: men have higher levels of growth hormone in their blood
false
58
why do the concentrations and responses of growth hormone vary in women more than men?
menstrual cycle
59
growth hormone concentrations are highest during what phase of the menstrual cycle?
1st phase: menstruation prior to ovulation
60
IGF levels in the bloodstream are acutely increased how many hours after exercise/growth hormone secretion?
8-24 hours after
61
which hormone has been shown to stimulate the secretion of its own binding proteins?
IGF-1
62
IGF-1 in muscle tissue is referred to as?
mechano growth factor
63
protein and carbohydrate supplementation before and after training increases the concentration of what hormone?
IGF-1
64
process of turning blood sugar into stored glycogen
glycogenesis
65
hormone that is anabolic, released after you eat food, moves glucose out of the bloodstream, and increases glycogen stores
insulin
66
condition due to low blood glucose levels that can cause dizziness, sweating, and/or nausea following physical activity
hypoglycemia (insulin shock)
67
if an athlete is experiencing a hypoglycemia attack, what should we tell them to do?
lie down with feet up drink a sugar drink
68
glucocorticoid that is catabolic and anti anabolic, promotes protein breakdown, and conserves blood glucose
cortisol
69
do cortisol levels increase before, during, or after exercise?
during
70
why is training that stimulates acute cortisol release necessary for the remodeling process?
keeps net muscle protein synthesis positive
71
how can we maximize cortisol concentration with resistance training?
high volume short rest periods large muscle groups
72
what level of chronically high cortisol can have adverse catabolic effects and may indicate overtraining?
> 800 nmol/L
73
what are the three main catecholamines?
epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine
74
catabolic hormones that increase energy availability/blood glucose levels by blood vessel vasodilation and anabolic hormone release
catecholamines
75
catecholamine release reflects the _____ of the exercise
demand
76
how can we maximize catecholamine concentration with resistance training?
high intensity short rest periods high heart rate
77
why is it so important to create variability within training protocols?
variability allows the adrenal gland to recover, prevent chronic cortisol secretion, and symptoms of overtraining
78
how can chronic levels of cortisol affect the immune system?
may cause immunosuppression
79
catecholamine that increases cardiac output, blood sugar, glycogen breakdown, and fat metabolism
epinephrine
80
catecholamine that has the same properties of epinephrine but is also a vasoconstrictor
norepinephrine

CSCS (24 decks)

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