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CSCS > Chapter 4: Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

complex signaling system in the body that produces hormones to regulate essential functions and support exercise demands and recovery

A

endocrine system

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2
Q

the endocrine system is important in strength and conditioning due to its critical role in the development of?

A

training periodization

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3
Q

describes the physiologic changes your body goes through as it responds to stress, occurs through stages

A

general adaptation syndrome

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4
Q

what is the ultimate goal with the general adaptation syndrome?

A

promote adaptations and recovery while managing fatigue and stress

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5
Q

increased resistance to stress

A

adaptation

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6
Q

increased resistance to exercise stress

A

training adaptation

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7
Q

reapplication of an increased stress

A

progressive overload

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8
Q

the study of interactions between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

neuroendocrinology

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9
Q

the study of the connection between the neural, endocrine, and immune systems in the remodeling process of muscle

A

neuroendocrine immunology

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10
Q

_____ are intimately involved with protein synthesis and degradation mechanisms that are part of muscle adaptations to resistance exercise

A

hormones

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11
Q

anabolic hormones

A

hormones that promote tissue building

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12
Q

examples of anabolic hormones

A

testosterone
growth hormone
IGF-1
insulin

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13
Q

catabolic hormones

A

hormones used to degrade cell proteins

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14
Q

examples of catabolic hormones

A

cortisol
epinephrine
norepinephrine
progesterone

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15
Q

what is another important action of anabolic hormones in the building of tissues?

A

block the negative effects on protein metabolism of catabolic hormones

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16
Q

increased performance following a period of training stress

A

supercompensation

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17
Q

binding sites on receptors that allow substances other than hormones to enhance or reduce the cellular response to the primary hormone

A

allosteric binding sites

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18
Q

a receptor partially interacts with other hormones

A

cross reactivity

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19
Q

reduced ability of a hormone to interact with a receptor

A

downregulation

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20
Q

maximal amount of protein added to a muscle fiber is an example of what type of downregulation? acute or chronic

A

acute

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21
Q

what is a primary example of chronic downregulation?

A

type II diabetes: overstimulation causes insulin resistance

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22
Q

increased ability of a hormone to interact with a receptor

A

upregulation

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23
Q

three main categories of hormones

A

steroid
polypeptide
amine

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24
Q

most prominent amine hormones involved with exercise

A

catecholamines

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25
Q

class of hormones including testosterone, cortisol, and estradiol that can diffuse across the sarcolemma and bind with its receptor to form a HRC

A

steroid hormones

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26
Q

class of hormones made of amino acid chains including growth hormone and insulin that bind to membrane receptors and act via secondary messengers inside the cell

A

polypeptide hormones

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27
Q

true or false: hormone responses are tightly linked to the characteristics of the resistance exercise protocol

A

true

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28
Q

despite having lower levels, why do women better use the amount of testosterone present following a resistance exercise stimulus?

A

the androgen receptors in females are dynamic and have a faster upregulation than men

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29
Q

primary male androgen that is anabolic AND anti catabolic and binds with skeletal muscle tissue

A

testosterone

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30
Q

why is ingesting protein and carbohydrates before a workout important in terms of testosterone?

A

upregulates skeletal muscle androgen content

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31
Q

what has been shown to increase growth hormone response to exercise?

A

birth control

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32
Q

normal fluctuations in hormone levels throughout the day

A

diurnal variations

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33
Q

true or false: it is possible to manipulate the endocrine system with resistance training in order to improve performance

A

true

34
Q

order of anabolic hormone release in response to resistance exercise

A

1st: testosterone
2nd: growth hormone
3rd: ICF-1

35
Q

2 main neuroendocrine hormones

A

testosterone and growth hormone

36
Q

what is the primary hormone that influences the nervous system and how does it accomplish this?

A

testosterone, increases neurotransmitters to increase force production potential (more motor units recruited)

37
Q

the amount of hormone released after an exercise depends on what 3 things?

A

amount of muscle tissue activated
load
rest interval

38
Q

would a back squat or a bicep curl create more hormone secretion?

A

squat (more muscle tissue activated)

39
Q

true or false: testosterone has a greater neuromuscular response than growth hormone

A

true

40
Q

__________ increases the concentrations, number of receptors, and membrane/receptor sensitivity of anabolic hormones

A

heavy resistance training

41
Q

catabolic > anabolic actions
downregulation of receptors

A

overtraining

42
Q

when are hormone receptor interactions greatest?

A

when exercise acutely increase blood concentrations of the hormones

43
Q

what do acute hormonal secretions tell the body about physiological stress?

A

amount and type

44
Q

when are hormone receptors less sensitive?

A

closer to max genetic potential
chronic elevated levels due to disease
exercise prescription mistakes

45
Q

which hormone promotes the release of growth hormone?

A

testosterone

46
Q

exercising with large muscle groups will result in an acute increase in the concentration of what hormone?

A

testosterone

47
Q

how can we maximize testosterone concentration with resistance training?

A

short rest periods
heavy resistance
moderate to high volume
large muscle groups

48
Q

more free testosterone is present following resistance training in men or women?

A

men

49
Q

on average, how much more testosterone do men have compared to women?

A

15-20x more

50
Q

true or false: there is a significant difference in testosterone levels in prepubescent males and females

A

false

51
Q

why is strength similar for males and females until the age of 14?

A

adaptations are neuromuscular, rather than from muscular hypertrophy

52
Q

at what point in life can we start to see significant changes due to testosterone?

A

puberty

53
Q

which hormone stimulates IGF-1 secretion?

A

growth hormone

54
Q

when do growth hormone secretions increase?

A

at night

55
Q

what can we do to enhance growth hormone secretion?

A

get adequate sleep

56
Q

how can we maximize growth hormone concentration with resistance training?

A

short rest periods
moderate to heavy loads

57
Q

true or false: men have higher levels of growth hormone in their blood

A

false

58
Q

why do the concentrations and responses of growth hormone vary in women more than men?

A

menstrual cycle

59
Q

growth hormone concentrations are highest during what phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

1st phase: menstruation
prior to ovulation

60
Q

IGF levels in the bloodstream are acutely increased how many hours after exercise/growth hormone secretion?

A

8-24 hours after

61
Q

which hormone has been shown to stimulate the secretion of its own binding proteins?

A

IGF-1

62
Q

IGF-1 in muscle tissue is referred to as?

A

mechano growth factor

63
Q

protein and carbohydrate supplementation before and after training increases the concentration of what hormone?

A

IGF-1

64
Q

process of turning blood sugar into stored glycogen

A

glycogenesis

65
Q

hormone that is anabolic, released after you eat food, moves glucose out of the bloodstream, and increases glycogen stores

A

insulin

66
Q

condition due to low blood glucose levels that can cause dizziness, sweating, and/or nausea following physical activity

A

hypoglycemia (insulin shock)

67
Q

if an athlete is experiencing a hypoglycemia attack, what should we tell them to do?

A

lie down with feet up
drink a sugar drink

68
Q

glucocorticoid that is catabolic and anti anabolic, promotes protein breakdown, and conserves blood glucose

A

cortisol

69
Q

do cortisol levels increase before, during, or after exercise?

A

during

70
Q

why is training that stimulates acute cortisol release necessary for the remodeling process?

A

keeps net muscle protein synthesis positive

71
Q

how can we maximize cortisol concentration with resistance training?

A

high volume
short rest periods
large muscle groups

72
Q

what level of chronically high cortisol can have adverse catabolic effects and may indicate overtraining?

A

> 800 nmol/L

73
Q

what are the three main catecholamines?

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

74
Q

catabolic hormones that increase energy availability/blood glucose levels by blood vessel vasodilation and anabolic hormone release

A

catecholamines

75
Q

catecholamine release reflects the _____ of the exercise

A

demand

76
Q

how can we maximize catecholamine concentration with resistance training?

A

high intensity
short rest periods
high heart rate

77
Q

why is it so important to create variability within training protocols?

A

variability allows the adrenal gland to recover, prevent chronic cortisol secretion, and symptoms of overtraining

78
Q

how can chronic levels of cortisol affect the immune system?

A

may cause immunosuppression

79
Q

catecholamine that increases cardiac output, blood sugar, glycogen breakdown, and fat metabolism

A

epinephrine

80
Q

catecholamine that has the same properties of epinephrine but is also a vasoconstrictor

A

norepinephrine

CSCS (24 decks)

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