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CSCS > Chapter 1: Structure and Function of Body Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Structure and Function of Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

dark band that is the length of the myosin filaments, NEVER CHANGES LENGTH

A

A band

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2
Q

primary neurotransmitter that acts at the neuromuscular junction, excites the muscle fibers in the motor unit

A

acetylcholine

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3
Q

thin protein myofilament

A

actin

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4
Q

electrical nerve impulse

A

action potential

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5
Q

all muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time

A

all or none principle

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6
Q

pressure inside the alveoli when the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs

A

alveolar pressure

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7
Q

where gases are exchanged in respiration

A

alveoli

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8
Q

valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aortic artery into the ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

aortic valve

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9
Q

small branches of arteries that act as control vessels through which blood enters the capillaries

A

arteriole

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10
Q

sends signals to the ventricles

A

AV bundle

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11
Q

where the impulse is delayed slightly before passing into the ventricles

A

AV node

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12
Q

valves that prevent the flow of blood from the ventricles back into the atria during ventricular contraction

A

AV valves

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13
Q

joints that allow movement around 2 perpendicular axis

A

biaxial joints

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14
Q

specialized connective tissue covering all bones, where tendon attaches

A

bone periosteum

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15
Q

fewer than 60 bpm

A

bradycardia

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16
Q

second generation respiratory passage

A

bronchi

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17
Q

third generation respiratory passage

A

bronchiole

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18
Q

facilitate the exchange of oxygen, fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances between the blood and interstitial fluid in various tissues of the body, have thin permeable walls

A

capillary

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19
Q

joints that allow little movement

A

cartilaginous joints

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20
Q

formed by myosin heads attaching to actin filaments

A

crossbridge

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21
Q

“contraction,” reversal of the membrane electrical potential

A

depolarization

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22
Q

ventricular relaxation

A

diastole

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23
Q

process that allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to move through the alveolar capillary membrane

A

diffusion

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24
Q

graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiogram (ECG)

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25
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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26
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle belly

A

epimysium

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27
Q

a bundle of muscle fibers grouped by fiber type

A

fascicle

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28
Q

motor unit that develops force and relaxes rapidly, has a short twitch time

A

fast twitch fibers

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29
Q

joints that allow virtually no movement

A

fibrous joints

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30
Q

proprioceptors located in series near the myotendinous junction, SENSE MUSCLE CONTRACTION + CAUSE MUSCLE INHIBITION

A

golgi tendon organ (GTO)

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31
Q

iron protein molecule carried by the red blood cells that transports oxygen, also an acid-base buffer

A

hemoglobin

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32
Q

type of smooth cartilage that covers the articulating ends of bones

A

hyaline cartilage

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33
Q

area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin is present, shortens with contraction

A

H zone

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34
Q

corresponds with the areas in two adjacent sarcomeres that contain only actin filaments, shorten with muscle contraction

A

I band

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35
Q

two types of modified muscle fibers within the muscle spindle

A

intrafusal and extrafusal fibers

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36
Q

valve that prevents the back flow of blood from the left ventricle back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction

A

mitral valve

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37
Q

nerve cell

A

motor neuron

38
Q

motor neuron + muscle fibers it innervates

A

motor unit

39
Q

joints that allow movement around 3 axis

A

multiaxial joints

40
Q

muscle cells made of myofibrils

A

muscle fiber

41
Q

prorpioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, SENSE MUSCLE STRETCH + CAUSE MUSCLE CONTRACTION

A

muscle spindle

42
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardium

43
Q

contain what contracts the muscle (myofilaments)

A

myofibril

44
Q

protein filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells

A

myofilament

45
Q

thick protein myofilament

A

myosin

46
Q

junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates

A

neuromuscular junction

47
Q

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds one bundle of muscle fibers (fascicle)

A

perimysium

48
Q

membranes enveloping the lungs and lining the chest walls

A

pleura

49
Q

pressure in the narrow space between the lung pleura and the chest wall pleura, normally slightly negative

A

pleural pressure

50
Q

pulling action of myosin on actin

A

power stroke

51
Q

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons that send kinesthetic information to the brain

A

proprioceptors

52
Q

valve that prevents back flow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the ventricle during ventricular relaxation

A

pulmonary valve

53
Q

further divides and conducts impulses to all parts of the ventricles

A

purkinje fibers

54
Q

atrial depolarization

A

P wave

55
Q

ventricular depolarization + atrial repolarization

A

QRS complex

56
Q

major cell components of blood that facilitate carbon dioxide removal

A

red blood cell

57
Q

“filling” or “relaxation,” occurs shortly after depolarization to allow the ventricles to recover

A

repolarization

58
Q

muscle fiber membrane

A

sarcolemma

59
Q

smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle, contain actin and myosin

A

sarcomere

60
Q

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

61
Q

system of tubules surrounding each myofibril, stores calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

valves that prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

A

semilunar valves

63
Q

pacemaker of the heart, where the rhythmic electrical impulses are normally initiated

A

SA node

64
Q

theory that states that the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber

A

sliding filament theory

65
Q

motor unit that develops force and relaxes slowly, has a long twitch time

A

slow twitch fiber

66
Q

joints that allow the most movement

A

synovial joints

67
Q

ventricular contraction

A

systole

68
Q

more than 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

69
Q

maximal amount of force that motor unit can develop, twitches begin to merge and eventually completely fuse together

A

tetanus

70
Q

first generation respiratory passage

A

trachea

71
Q

valve that prevents the back flow of blood from the right ventricle back into the right atrium during ventricular contraction

A

tricuspid valve

72
Q

protein molecule that is roped around the actin filament, covers and uncovers actin binding site

A

tropomyosin

73
Q

protein molecule that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium ions

A

troponin

74
Q

tubes that run perpendicular to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

T tubule

75
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

76
Q

short period of activation of the muscle fibers within the motor unit

A

twitch

77
Q

slow twitch oxidative fiber type, efficient and fatigue resistant, and have a high capacity for aerobic energy supply but a limited potential for rapid force development (endurance athletes)

A

type I muscle fiber

78
Q

fast twitch (mixed) fiber type, inefficient and fatiguable, have a low aerobic power and high anaerobic power, and rapid force development (power athletes)

A

type IIa muscle fiber

79
Q

fast twitch glycolytic fiber type, show less resistance to fatigue (1-5 RM)

A

type IIx muscle fiber

80
Q

hinge joints that rotate around one axis

A

uniaxial joints

81
Q

collect blood from capillaries

A

venule

82
Q

the walls of the sarcomere, dark line in the middle of the I band

A

Z line

83
Q

dictated by the number of crossbridges that are formed between actin and myosin at any instant in time

A

muscle force production

84
Q

the discharge of an action potential from a motor nerve signals the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, causing what to develop in the muscle

A

tension

85
Q

what two things are necessary for cross bridge cycling with actin and myosin filaments?

A

calcium and ATP

86
Q

motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific morphological and physiological characteristics that determine their what?

A

functional capacity

87
Q

varies through change in the frequency of activation of individual motor units or change in the number of activated motor units

A

force output of a muscle

88
Q

primary function of the respiratory system

A

basic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

89
Q

information concerning kinesthetic sense, or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts with respect to gravity (processed at subconscious levels)

A

proprioception

90
Q

the assistance that contracting muscles provide to the circulatory system (veins) to help blood return to the heart, rather than pooling in the lower extremities

A

skeletal muscle pump

CSCS (24 decks)

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