Chapter 4: Development

Question 1

Grasping Reflex

Answer 1

If you touch a babies palm they will squeeze your finger really hard.

Question 2

Moro Reflex

Answer 2

When startled by a lack of support to the head, the baby will flail their arms.

Question 3

Rooting Reflex

Answer 3

When you touch a babies cheek it will turn itself towards you.

Question 4

Teratogens

Answer 4

Any substance that can potentially harm a developing embryo or fetus.

Question 5

Sequential Design

Answer 5

When people of different age groups are studied at the same time over their lives.

Question 6

Cross-sectional Design

Answer 6

When people of different age groups are studied at the same time.

Question 7

Longitudinal Design

Answer 7

When a subject is studied throughout their life.

Question 8

Newborn Brain

Answer 8

Cells grow, neural networks, cell growth slows throughout childhood.

Question 9

Newborn Learning

Answer 9

Habituation (when you pay less attention to a stimulus that they see a lot).
Can associate two stimulus if they reliably predict each other.
Can learn observationally.

Question 10

Newborn Visual System

Answer 10

Least developed sense at birth.
Prefer patterned stimuli and their mothers face.
Some colour vision.
Shape and size constancy.

Question 11

Fetal Stage

Answer 11

9 weeks - Birth.
Organs grow and refine.
3 months: Smile and frown
6 months: hear and open eyes
9 months: rapid weight increase
Age viability at 6 months

Question 12

Embryonic Stage

Answer 12

2-8 weeks.
Most vital organs and bones are formed.
Most vulnerable period.
Heart beats, brain develops, body parts form.

Question 13

Germinal Stage

Answer 13

10-14 days.
From conception to implantation.
Cell division occurs exponentially.
Cells begin to differentiate into specialized structures and locations.

Question 14

Sensitivity Period

Answer 14

How much does the timing of our exposure to certain environmental experiences impact our development

Question 15

Cephalocaudal Principle

Answer 15

Sensory-perceptual general growth trend.
Development happens from head to foot.
Head is the biggest, the body grows later.

Question 16

Proximodistal Principle

Answer 16

Sensory-perceptual growth trend.

Development proceeds from the inside out.

Question 17

Schema

Answer 17

A representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline.
Can be modified by assimilation or accommodation.

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

When new experiences are incorporated into what we already know.

Question 19

Accommodation

Answer 19

When new experiences change what we already know

Question 20

The Stages of Cognitive Development

Answer 20

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operational

Question 21

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 21

Birth - 2 years.
Child is able to understand the world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects.
Begins to acquire language.
Develops object permanence at 6-8 months.

Question 22

Preoperational Stage

Answer 22

2-7 years
The world is represented through words and mental images.
Symbolic thinking enables imagination.
Displays egocentrism, makes scale errors, and can not understand conversation.

Question 23

Concrete-operational Stage

Answer 23

7-11 years
Can perform basic mental operations that have tangible problems and solutions.
Can now understand conversation.
Has difficulties with abstract problems.

Question 24

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 24

11+ years
Can think logically.
Able to test and form hypothesis.

Question 25

Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 25

The infant clings to their mother and will not explore the environment. Is upset when the mother and remains upset when she returns.

Question 26

Anxious/Avoidant Attachment

Answer 26

The infant shows little distress when the mother leaves and will not explore the environment. Might be kind to the stranger, or they might ignore them.

Question 27

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

Answer 27

The infant will both approach and avoid the mother, and might freeze or act dazed.

Question 28

Secure Attachment

Answer 28

The infant explores when the mother is present and is upset when she leaves. Will greet the mother when she returns and will seek her comfort.

Question 29

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 29

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

Question 30

Permissive Parenting

Answer 30

Parents submit to their childs desires, and don’t enforce limits or set standards for their childs behaviours.

Question 31

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 31

Parents enforce rules, but will also respect their childs ideas and wishes.

Question 32

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 32

Parent is emotionally detached and depressed, and have little time or energy to raise a child.

Question 33

Preconventional Morality

Answer 33

Younger than 9 years old.

Follow the rules or you’ll get in trouble.

Question 34

Conventional Morality

Answer 34

Early teens.

Follow the rules and we’ll all get along.

Question 35

Post Conventional Morality

Answer 35

Adults.

Sometimes we need to break the rules.

Question 36

Identity Diffusion

Answer 36

No identity crisis (yet)

Question 37

Foreclosure

Answer 37

Adopting a role before an identity crisis.

Question 38

Moratorium

Answer 38

Identity crisis

Question 39

Identity Achievement

Answer 39

When the identity crisis is resolved

Question 40

Cellular Clock Theory

Answer 40

Believes that we age because our cells have built in timers

Question 41

Wear and Tear Theory

Answer 41

Believes that we age because our body wears out.

Question 42

Free Radical Theory

Answer 42

We age because negative oxygen molecules accumulate in our body.