Chapter 4: Development Flashcards
Grasping Reflex
If you touch a babies palm they will squeeze your finger really hard.
Moro Reflex
When startled by a lack of support to the head, the baby will flail their arms.
Rooting Reflex
When you touch a babies cheek it will turn itself towards you.
Teratogens
Any substance that can potentially harm a developing embryo or fetus.
Sequential Design
When people of different age groups are studied at the same time over their lives.
Cross-sectional Design
When people of different age groups are studied at the same time.
Longitudinal Design
When a subject is studied throughout their life.
Newborn Brain
Cells grow, neural networks, cell growth slows throughout childhood.
Newborn Learning
Habituation (when you pay less attention to a stimulus that they see a lot).
Can associate two stimulus if they reliably predict each other.
Can learn observationally.
Newborn Visual System
Least developed sense at birth.
Prefer patterned stimuli and their mothers face.
Some colour vision.
Shape and size constancy.
Fetal Stage
9 weeks - Birth. Organs grow and refine. 3 months: Smile and frown 6 months: hear and open eyes 9 months: rapid weight increase Age viability at 6 months
Embryonic Stage
2-8 weeks.
Most vital organs and bones are formed.
Most vulnerable period.
Heart beats, brain develops, body parts form.
Germinal Stage
10-14 days.
From conception to implantation.
Cell division occurs exponentially.
Cells begin to differentiate into specialized structures and locations.
Sensitivity Period
How much does the timing of our exposure to certain environmental experiences impact our development
Cephalocaudal Principle
Sensory-perceptual general growth trend.
Development happens from head to foot.
Head is the biggest, the body grows later.
Proximodistal Principle
Sensory-perceptual growth trend.
Development proceeds from the inside out.
Schema
A representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline.
Can be modified by assimilation or accommodation.
Assimilation
When new experiences are incorporated into what we already know.
Accommodation
When new experiences change what we already know
The Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
Sensorimotor Stage
Birth - 2 years.
Child is able to understand the world through sensory experiences and physical interactions with objects.
Begins to acquire language.
Develops object permanence at 6-8 months.
Preoperational Stage
2-7 years
The world is represented through words and mental images.
Symbolic thinking enables imagination.
Displays egocentrism, makes scale errors, and can not understand conversation.
Concrete-operational Stage
7-11 years
Can perform basic mental operations that have tangible problems and solutions.
Can now understand conversation.
Has difficulties with abstract problems.
Formal Operational Stage
11+ years
Can think logically.
Able to test and form hypothesis.
