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Microbiology > Chapter 4: Characteristics Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Characteristics Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria size

A

0.5-2um

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2
Q

Bacteria characteristics

A
  • high surface to volume ratio
  • receive nutrients faster&easier
  • diffuse waste products easier
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3
Q

Bacteria shapes

A
  • coccus: sphere
  • coccobacillus: oval
  • bacillus: rod shape
  • vibrio: comma
  • spirillum: wavy
  • spirochete: corkscrew
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4
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell replicates DNA, duplicates contents, pinched in half, creates two identical daughter cells
- sometimes after BF, cells remain close to each other and form arrangements

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5
Q

Diplo

A

Two side by side

- Division in one plane

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6
Q

Strepto

A

Many side by side

- division in one plane

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7
Q

Tetrad

A

Division in 2 planes

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8
Q

Sarcinae

A

Division in 3 planes

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9
Q

Staphylo

A

Division in random planes

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10
Q

Bacillus

A

Only divide in one plane

- diplo or strepto

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11
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Within a colony of bacteria, there may be many different sizes/shapes of the bacteria
- range of size and morphology in a culture due to waste, nutrient, space, etc.

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Found just outside cell membrane in most bacteria, gives cells their shape

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13
Q

Components of a cell wall

A
  • peptidoglycan
  • teichoic acid
  • outer membrane
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14
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Most important part, adds rigidity

  • function: shape/structure, prevents hyper osmotic cells from overfilling and bursting
  • penicillin prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking
  • sugar backbone: alternating n-acetyl muramic acid and n acetyl glucosamine
    • cross linked to a tetrapeptide
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15
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Consists of glycerol, phosphates, and sugar alcohol ribitol

  • polymers
  • unclear function, possible attachment site for bacteriophages or passageway for ion movement into and out of cell
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16
Q

Outer membrane

A
  • Found in g- bacteria

- Contain lipopolysaccharides

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17
Q

Gran positive cell walls

A
  • contain teichoic acid throughout

- very susceptible to penicillin

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18
Q

Gram negative cell walls

A
  • Have outer membrane with LPS
  • penicillin isn’t as effective
  • periplasmic space
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19
Q

Lipopolysaccharides

A

lps layer has Lipid A endotoxin is released when cell wall breaks down
- can cause inflammation, shock, drop in blood pressure

20
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Gap between cell membrane and cell wall

- easily observed in gram negative

21
Q

Acid fast cell walls

A

Have waxy lipid layer with mycolic acid, a thick wall, and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

22
Q

Cell wall deficient bacteria

A

Have cell membrane that contains stabilizing sterols

  • ex: mycoplasma (normally don’t have a cell wall)
  • L form bacteria: normally have a cell wall but revert to a form that doesn’t (L-form)
    • Lyme disease, Crohn’s disease (v hard to treat)
23
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Lets things in and out of the cell (selectively permeable)

  • assists in DNA replication
  • helps with protein secretion
  • role in cellular respiration
  • helps make cell wall
24
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Found outside cell membrane and function as receptors and enzymes

25
Q

Integral proteins

A

Go through membrane to provide transport

26
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Components aren’t chemically bound to each other, but are drawn to each other through hydrophobic/hydrophilic needs & can move around

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Water and solutes, ions, lipids, proteins

- anything the cell needs to build things

28
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made

29
Q

Nuclear region (nucleoid)

A

Bacteria have one circular chromosome located here

30
Q

Plasmid

A

Small circular piece of DNA outside the chromosome (extrachromosomal) that contains nonessential but possible very helpful information (antibiotic resistance etc)

31
Q

Endospores

A

Core of DNA is surrounded by cortex (double membrane with peptidoglycan in between) and spore coat (outside) for protection

  • have calcium and dipocolinic acid to give spore resistance (its thought)
  • bacillus anthrax, clostridium tetanus, botulism
32
Q

Flagella

A

Function is to provide motility

  • made of flagellular protein
  • bacteria have filament, hook, and rings
33
Q

Monotrichous

A

One flagella at one end

34
Q

Amphitrichous

A

One flagella at each end

35
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Tuft of flagella at one or more ends

36
Q

Peritrichous

A

Covered in flagella all around

37
Q

Atrichous

A

No flagella

38
Q

Gram negative bacteria with flagella traits

A
  • four rings, first two span wall, next two span membrane

- has basal body

39
Q

Gram positive bacteria with flagella traits

A
  • two rings, one in membrane, other between membrane and wall
  • no nasal body
40
Q

Flagella movement

A
  • counterclockwise spin: bacteria move in a straight line

- clockwise spin: cause tumble motion

41
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement in response to a chemical

  • positive: toward attraction (nutrients)
  • negative: away from repellent (waste, toxins)
42
Q

Phototaxis

A

Movement in response to light

43
Q

Pili

A

Short, hollow projections for attachment

44
Q

Fimbrae

A

Attachment to other cells or faces

- related to pathogenicity (gonnorhea can attach to uterine wall and cause infection)

45
Q

Conjugation pili (f pili)

A

Allow bacterial cells to exchange DNA (usually plasmids) between cells

46
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate later outside cell

  • capsule: thick and protective, hides bacteria from immune system
  • slime layer: thin, sticky layer that allows the cell to adhere to other cell surfaces and prevents drying out
    • can help bacteria attach to teeth and catch food

Microbiology (18 decks)

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