Chapter 4: Characteristics Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

Question 1

Bacteria size

Answer 1

0.5-2um

Question 2

Bacteria characteristics

Answer 2

• high surface to volume ratio
• receive nutrients faster&easier
• diffuse waste products easier

Question 3

Bacteria shapes

Answer 3

• coccus: sphere
• coccobacillus: oval
• bacillus: rod shape
• vibrio: comma
• spirillum: wavy
• spirochete: corkscrew

Question 4

Binary fission

Answer 4

Cell replicates DNA, duplicates contents, pinched in half, creates two identical daughter cells
- sometimes after BF, cells remain close to each other and form arrangements

Question 5

Diplo

Answer 5

Two side by side

- Division in one plane

Question 6

Strepto

Answer 6

Many side by side

- division in one plane

Question 7

Tetrad

Answer 7

Division in 2 planes

Question 8

Sarcinae

Answer 8

Division in 3 planes

Question 9

Staphylo

Answer 9

Division in random planes

Question 10

Bacillus

Answer 10

Only divide in one plane

- diplo or strepto

Question 11

Pleomorphism

Answer 11

Within a colony of bacteria, there may be many different sizes/shapes of the bacteria
- range of size and morphology in a culture due to waste, nutrient, space, etc.

Question 12

Cell wall

Answer 12

Found just outside cell membrane in most bacteria, gives cells their shape

Question 13

Components of a cell wall

Answer 13

• peptidoglycan
• teichoic acid
• outer membrane

Question 14

Peptidoglycan

Answer 14

Most important part, adds rigidity

• function: shape/structure, prevents hyper osmotic cells from overfilling and bursting
• penicillin prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking
• sugar backbone: alternating n-acetyl muramic acid and n acetyl glucosamine
  
  • cross linked to a tetrapeptide

Question 15

Teichoic acid

Answer 15

Consists of glycerol, phosphates, and sugar alcohol ribitol

• polymers
• unclear function, possible attachment site for bacteriophages or passageway for ion movement into and out of cell

Question 16

Outer membrane

Answer 16

• Found in g- bacteria

- Contain lipopolysaccharides

Question 17

Gran positive cell walls

Answer 17

• contain teichoic acid throughout

- very susceptible to penicillin

Question 18

Gram negative cell walls

Answer 18

• Have outer membrane with LPS
• penicillin isn’t as effective
• periplasmic space

Question 19

Lipopolysaccharides

Answer 19

lps layer has Lipid A endotoxin is released when cell wall breaks down
- can cause inflammation, shock, drop in blood pressure

Question 20

Periplasmic space

Answer 20

Gap between cell membrane and cell wall

- easily observed in gram negative

Question 21

Acid fast cell walls

Answer 21

Have waxy lipid layer with mycolic acid, a thick wall, and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

Question 22

Cell wall deficient bacteria

Answer 22

Have cell membrane that contains stabilizing sterols

• ex: mycoplasma (normally don’t have a cell wall)
• L form bacteria: normally have a cell wall but revert to a form that doesn’t (L-form)
  
  • Lyme disease, Crohn’s disease (v hard to treat)

Question 23

Plasma membrane

Answer 23

Lets things in and out of the cell (selectively permeable)

• assists in DNA replication
• helps with protein secretion
• role in cellular respiration
• helps make cell wall

Question 24

Peripheral proteins

Answer 24

Found outside cell membrane and function as receptors and enzymes

Question 25

Integral proteins

Answer 25

Go through membrane to provide transport

Question 26

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 26

Components aren’t chemically bound to each other, but are drawn to each other through hydrophobic/hydrophilic needs & can move around

Question 27

Cytoplasm

Answer 27

Water and solutes, ions, lipids, proteins | - anything the cell needs to build things

Question 28

Ribosomes

Answer 28

Where proteins are made

Question 29

Nuclear region (nucleoid)

Answer 29

Bacteria have one circular chromosome located here

Question 30

Plasmid

Answer 30

Small circular piece of DNA outside the chromosome (extrachromosomal) that contains nonessential but possible very helpful information (antibiotic resistance etc)

Question 31

Endospores

Answer 31

Core of DNA is surrounded by cortex (double membrane with peptidoglycan in between) and spore coat (outside) for protection - have calcium and dipocolinic acid to give spore resistance (its thought) - bacillus anthrax, clostridium tetanus, botulism

Question 32

Flagella

Answer 32

Function is to provide motility - made of flagellular protein - bacteria have filament, hook, and rings

Question 33

Monotrichous

Answer 33

One flagella at one end

Question 34

Amphitrichous

Answer 34

One flagella at each end

Question 35

Lophotrichous

Answer 35

Tuft of flagella at one or more ends

Question 36

Peritrichous

Answer 36

Covered in flagella all around

Question 37

Atrichous

Answer 37

No flagella

Question 38

Gram negative bacteria with flagella traits

Answer 38

- four rings, first two span wall, next two span membrane | - has basal body

Question 39

Gram positive bacteria with flagella traits

Answer 39

- two rings, one in membrane, other between membrane and wall - no nasal body

Question 40

Flagella movement

Answer 40

- counterclockwise spin: bacteria move in a straight line | - clockwise spin: cause tumble motion

Question 41

Chemotaxis

Answer 41

Movement in response to a chemical - positive: toward attraction (nutrients) - negative: away from repellent (waste, toxins)

Question 42

Phototaxis

Answer 42

Movement in response to light

Question 43

Pili

Answer 43

Short, hollow projections for attachment

Question 44

Fimbrae

Answer 44

Attachment to other cells or faces | - related to pathogenicity (gonnorhea can attach to uterine wall and cause infection)

Question 45

Conjugation pili (f pili)

Answer 45

Allow bacterial cells to exchange DNA (usually plasmids) between cells

Question 46

Glycocalyx

Answer 46

Carbohydrate later outside cell - capsule: thick and protective, hides bacteria from immune system - slime layer: thin, sticky layer that allows the cell to adhere to other cell surfaces and prevents drying out - can help bacteria attach to teeth and catch food