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Microbiology > Chapter 17: Basic Principles Of Adaptive Immunity And Immunization > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Basic Principles Of Adaptive Immunity And Immunization Flashcards

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1
Q

Acquired defenses

A

Require exposure to an antigen to be activated

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2
Q

Actively acquired

A

Body makes it’s own antibodies

- take longer to get started, provide long lasting protection

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3
Q

Passively acquired

A

Give ready made antibodies that came from another source

- immediate but short lived protection

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4
Q

Active natural

A

Exposure to infectious agent

- ex: bacteria or virus

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5
Q

Active artificial

A

Vaccine, weakened or killed pathogen

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6
Q

Passive natural

A

Maternal antibodies through childbirth or breast milk

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7
Q

Passive artificial

A

Injecting antibodies into someone from another source

- ex: antisera to cure venom from snake bites

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8
Q

Antigen

A

Antibody generating molecule

- a substance (protein/pathogen) that the body sees as foreign and mounts an immune response against

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9
Q

Epitope

A

Antigenic determinant

- site on antigen where antibodies bind

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10
Q

Hapten

A

Small molecule that can serve as an antigen when combined with a large protein and trigger an immune response

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11
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • Carried out by antibodies circulating in blood
  • most effective against antigens outside of body cells
  • B lymphocytes originate in bone marrow and mature there
    • create antibodies
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12
Q

Humoral immunity mechanism

A
  1. B cell recognizes and binds to a specific antigen
  2. B cell is activated or sensitized
  3. B cell divides (proliferates into many clones) into plasma cells and B memory cells
  4. Plasma cells make antibodies specific for original antigen
    - antibodies bind to antigen and mark it for destruction
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13
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A
  • occurs at the cellular level
  • most effective against antigens that have entered body cells (virus infected, or abnormal/cancer cells)
  • T lymphocytes differentiate in thymus
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14
Q

General properties of immune responses

A
  • self vs no self
  • specificity
  • diversity
  • memory
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15
Q

Self vs nonself

A

The ability to recognize normal host substances as self and foreign substances as nonself

  • Developed early in development
  • colonial deletion: destroys lymphocytes that recognize self
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16
Q

Specificity

A

Each adaptive response to foreign substances is different

- one lymphocyte can only recognize one antigen

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17
Q

Diversity

A

Body can recognize and respond to over a billion antigens

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18
Q

Memory

A

Recognition of antigens previously exposed to leads to stronger, faster response

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19
Q

Antibody (immunoglobulin) anatomy

A
  • Y shaped protein
  • 4 polypeptide chains, 2 heavy, 2 light
  • chains are held together with disulfide bonds
  • constant region: determines antibody class
  • variable region: contains antigen binding site
  • antigen binding site
20
Q

Immunoglobulin G (Ig G)

A
  • Monomer
  • Most abundant in blood
  • only ig that can pass through the placenta
21
Q

Immunoglobulin A (Ig A)

A
  • Dimer
  • 2 Y units liked by 1 chain
  • Secretory
  • Found in body secretions (saliva, tears, mucous)
22
Q

Ig M

A
  • Pentamer
  • 5 units linked by a J chain
  • Potent agglutinater (cell clumping)
  • Found in serum and B cell membrane
23
Q

Ig E

A
  • Monomer
  • Involved in allergic reactions
  • Releases histamine
  • Found in serum and extracellular
24
Q

Ig D

A
  • Monomer
  • Found on surface of B cells
  • Not sure what it does
25
Q

Primary response

A
  • First encounter with pathogen
  • Create memory cells
  • Response takes 5-10 days
26
Q

Secondary response

A
  • Only occurs if the same antigen enters the body again
  • Faster, stronger response
  • Takes 1-2 days
27
Q

T independent antigens

A
  • Only produce Ig M antibodies

- No memory cells are formed

28
Q

T dependent antigens

A
  • Requires helper T cells to activate B cells
  • Produces memory cells
  • Produce IgG antibodies
29
Q

Antigen antibody complex reactions

A 
Agglutination 
Neutralization
Opsonization
Activation of complement
Precipitation
30
Q

Agglutination

A

Cell clumping of microbes

- destroyed by phagocytes

31
Q

Neutralization

A

Binds to toxin so the toxin can’t bind to other cells

- destroyed by phagocytes

32
Q

Complement mediated effects

A

By membrane attack complexes

33
Q

Opsonization

A

Antibodies coat the surface of pathogen and enhance adherence in phagocytosis

34
Q

Precipitation

A

Soluble antigen precipitates out and is destroyed by phagocytes

35
Q

Antigen processing

A

T cells can only by activated by coming into contact with an antigen presenting cell (APC)

36
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

B cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
- last two digest antigens and put pieces on their surface so T cells can “see” them

37
Q

MHC

A

Major histocompatability complex

38
Q

MHC I

A
  • Found on all cells

- Activate cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

MHC II

A
  • Found on antigen presenting cells

- Activate helper T cells

40
Q

Helper T cells

A
  • CD4 cell
  • Activated by contact with antigen in - - MHC II on APC surface
  • Releases cytokines (draw WBCs to the area and activate other cells)
41
Q

Helper T 1 cells

A
  • Enhance innate response by triggering inflammation and activating macrophages
  • Enhance cell mediated immunity by activating Tc cells
42
Q

Helper T 2 cells

A

Enhance humoral immunity by activating B cells

43
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A
  • CD8 cells
  • Directly kill abnormal (virus infected or cancerous) cells
  • Activated by APC with MHC I on surface
  • Contain perforins
44
Q

Perforins

A

Destructive enzyme that pokes holes in abnormal cell membranes which cause cell lysis

45
Q

Memory T cells

A

T cells that have previously encountered and responded to their antigen
- Also known as T lymphocyte or antigen experienced T cell

46
Q

Delayed hypersensitivity T cell

A
  • Involved with the delayed immune response (overreact)

- Release chemicals that intensify immune responses

47
Q

Factors modifying immune system health

A 
Genetic factors
Age
Season
Diet
Exercise
Sleep
Pregnancy 
Medications
Trauma 
Environment

Microbiology (18 decks)

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