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Biology Grade 11 > Chapter 4 Cell division and Reproduction (Defs.) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Cell division and Reproduction (Defs.) Flashcards

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1
Q

The study of heredity and variation of living organisms and how genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

A plant or animal cell that forms the body of the organisms; excludes reproductive cells.

A

Somatic cell

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3
Q

A structure in the nucleus that contains DNA.

A

Chromosome

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4
Q

One of two chromosomes that are genetically identical and held together at the centromere.

A

Sister chromatid

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5
Q

The region where two sister chromatids are held together in a chromosome.

A

Centromere

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6
Q

A microtubule structure that facilitates the movement of chromosomes within a cell.

A

Spindle fibre

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7
Q

A structure that helps to form the spindle fibres.

A

Centrosome

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8
Q

A combination of spindle fibres and centrosomes that moves and organizes the chromosomes during mitosis.

A

Spindle apparatus

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8
Q

Fibres of DNA in its uncondensed form; exists during S phase of interphase to allow DNA to replicate.

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

The stage of mitosis during which the cell’s chromatin condenses into chromosomes.

A

Prophase

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9
Q

The stage of the cell cycle during which a cell carries out its normal functions, grows, and makes copies of its genetic material in preparation for the next stage of the cycle.

A

Interphase

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10
Q

The stage of mitosis during which spindle fibres from opposite poles attach to the centromere of each chromosome, guiding the chromosomes to the equator of the cell.

A

Metaphase

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11
Q

Stage of mitosis during which each centromere splits apart and the sister chromatids separate from each other.

A

Anaphase

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12
Q

Stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes start to unwind into strands of chromatin, the spindle fibres break down, the nuclear membrane forms around the new set of chromosomes, and a nucleolus forms within each new nucleus.

A

Telophase

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13
Q

Stage of the cell cycle that begins near the end of mitosis and involves the division of the cell cytoplasm and the creation of a new cell.

A

Cytokinesis

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14
Q

Stage of cell cycle during which a cell’s nucleus and genetic material divide.

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

A specialized area of chromatin inside the cell nucleus; responsible for making ribosomes, which help to make proteins.

A

Nucleolus

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16
Q

A structure that forms between the two daughter nuclei during the process of cytokinesis in plant cells; cell walls then form on either side of the cell plate.

A

Cell plate

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17
Q

A spiral shape formed by a DNA molecule.

A

Double helix

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18
Q

The individual units of each strand of DNA; composed of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a base - either adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine.

A

Nucleotides

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19
Q

Nucleotide bases on opposite strands of the DNA backbone that interact in a DNA molecule; adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.

A

Complementary base pairs

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20
Q

A permanent change in the genetic material of an organism; the only source of new genetic variation.

A

Mutation

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21
Q

The complete DNA sequence of an organism.

A

Genome

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22
Q

Describes a method of DNA replication that conserves half of the original DNA molecule when producing a new molecule of double-stranded DNA.

A

Semi-conservative

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23
Q

An X or Y chromosome, which determines the genetic sex of an organism.

A

Sex chromosome

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24
Q

A chromosome that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism.

A

Autosome

25
Q

A chromosome that contains the same sequence of genes as another chromosome.

A

Homologous chromosome

26
Q

A part of a chromosome that governs the expression of a trait and is passed on to offspring; it has a specific DNA sequence.

A

Gene

26
Q

One of two or more forms of a gene.

A

Allele

27
Q

A photograph of pairs of homologous chromosomes in a cell.

A

Karyotype

28
Q

A continuous sequence of cell growth and division; includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

A

Cell cycle

29
Q

Reproduction that requires only one parent and produces genetically identical offspring.

A

Asexual reproduction

30
Q

Reproduction that requires two parents and produces genetically distinct offspring.

A

Sexual reproduction

31
Q

A male or female reproductive cell.

A

Gamete

32
Q

A cell formed by the fusion of two gametes.

A

Zygote

33
Q

In humans, the joining of male and female haploid gametes.

A

Fertilization

34
Q

A cell that contains half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

Haploid

35
Q

A cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes.

A

Diploid

36
Q

The cellular process that produces cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

37
Q

The aligning of homologous chromosomes during prophase I in meiosis I.

A

Synapsis

38
Q

The process of producing male gametes (sperm) in mammals.

A

Spermatogenesis

39
Q

The process of producing female gametes (eggs) in mammals.

A

Oogenesis

40
Q

A diploid cell that gives rise to the male gametes (sperm); beginning at puberty, it reproduces by mitosis and then undergoes meiosis to form four haploid sperm cells.

A

Spermatogonium (plural spermatogonia)

41
Q

A diploid cell that gives rise to the haploid female gametes (egg cells); before birth, it reproduces by mitosis and then begins meiosis, but stops at prophase I until puberty.

A

Oogonium (plural oogonia)

42
Q

The exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

A

Crossing over

43
Q

The failure of homologous chromosomes pairs or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis.

A

Non-disjunction

44
Q

The loss of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction.

A

Monosomy

45
Q

The gain of a chromosome as a result of non-disjunction.

A

Trisomy

46
Q

The process of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits.

A

Selective breeding

47
Q

The process by which sperm are collected and concentrated before being introduced into the female’s reproductive system.

A

Artificial insemination

48
Q

The process by which an egg that has been fertilized artificially is transferred into a recipient female’s uterus.

A

Embryo transfer

49
Q

The technique used to fertilize egg cells outside the female’s body.

A

In vitro fertilization

50
Q

A process that produces identical copies of genes, cells, or organisms.

A

Cloning

51
Q

The use of DNA manipulation techniques to produce multiple copies of a single gene or segment of DNA.

A

Gene cloning

52
Q

A molecule of DNA that includes genetic material from different sources.

A

Recombinant DNA

53
Q

The process of replacing an egg cell’s nucleus with the nucleus from a somatic donor cell to produce a cell line of genetically identical cells.

A

Therapeutic cloning

54
Q

The process of producing genetically identical organisms.

A

Reproductive cloning

55
Q

A technique used to generate cloned cells in reproductive and therapeutic cloning; process in which an egg cell’s nucleus is removed and replaced with the nucleus of a donor’s somatic cell.

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

56
Q

An undifferentiated cell that can develop and become specialized into different cell types of the body.

A

Stem cell

57
Q

Undifferentiated cells that are obtained from embryos; can become specialized into different cell types of the body.

A

Embryotic stem cells

58
Q

Somatic cells that have retained the ability to differentiate into some other cell types.

A

Adult stem cells

59
Q

Specialized adult stem cells that have been induced to return to a stem-cell-like state.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cell

60
Q

Describes an organism whose genome has been altered by the insertion of a gene from another organisms; a type of genetically modified organisms.

A

Transgenic

61
Q

An organism whose genome has been altered.

A

Genetically modified organisms (GMO)

Biology Grade 11 (8 decks)

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