Chapter 12 The Circulatory System (Defs.) Flashcards
The muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body.
Heart
The bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended.
Blood
A hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues.
Blood vessel
A circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity.
Open circulatory system
The mixture of blood and fluids that surrounds the cells of invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans.
Hemolymph
A circulatory system in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
Closed circulatory system
The two (left and right) top chambers of the heart that fill with blood returning from the body or the lungs.
Atria (singular atrium)
The two (left and right) bottom chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it out to the body or the lungs.
Ventricles
In the circulatory system, the thick muscular wall in the heart that separates the atria and the ventricles.
Septum
Two large vessels that open into the right atrium and collect oxygen-poor blood coming from the tissues in the head and body.
Vena cavae (singular vena cava)
A large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary artery
The blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary vein
An artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries.
Aorta
A valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium.
Atrioventricular valves
The atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart; made up of three flaps.
Tricuspid valve
The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart; made up of two flaps; also known as a mitral valve.
Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
A valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away from the heart.
Semilunar valve
A blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.
Artery
A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood toward the heart.
Vein
A tiny blood vessel that carries blood from the arteries to the veins; site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.
Capillary
The circulatory system found in mammals; blood is pumped through one circuit between the heart and the lungs, and it is pumped a second time through another circuit between the heart and the rest of the body.
Double circulatory system
The fluid portion of blood; consists of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and waste products.
Plasma
Red blood cells; they are specialized for oxygen transport and make up approximately 44 percent of the total volume of blood.
Erythrocytes
The process in which phagocytes (a form of leukocyte) engulf and destroy pathogens.
Phagocytosis
A cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.
Phagocyte
The most abundant form of phagocytic leukocyte; found in the body tissues of animals, as well as in the blood.
Neutrophil
A form of phagocytic leukocyte found in the mucous lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Eosinophil
A form of leukocyte that aids in immunity by secreting substances that attract phagocytes to destroy pathogens; only form of leukocyte that is not a phagocyte.
Basophil
A form of phagocytic leukocyte; some lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies that incapacitate pathogens and allow them to be easily detected and destroyed.
Lymphocyte
A form of phagocytic leukocyte that circulates in the bloodstream for only a few days before becoming specialized as a macrophage, which destroys bacteria.
Monocytes
The third major substance in the formed portion of the blood; fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart; play a key role in blood clotting; also called thrombocytes.
Platelets (thrombocytes)
The widening of the blood vessels.
Vasodilation
The narrowing of the blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction
The specialized heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
The specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract.
Atrioventricular (AV) node
A bundle of specialized fibres in the heart that transmit an electrical signal from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fires; involved in contraction of the heart.
Bundle of His
Fibres that transmit an electrical signal from the atria into the ventricles, initiating the almost simultaneous contraction of all cells of the right and left ventricles.
Purkinje fibres
A narrowing in the opening of the heart valves or arteries.
Stenosis
A record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels.
Blood pressure
The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.
Systolic pressure
The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood.
Diastolic pressure
The phase of the heartbeat in which the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.
Systole
The phase of the heartbeat in which the ventricles fill with blood entering from the atria.
Diastole
A medical device used to measure blood pressure.
Sphygmomanometer
The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat.
Stroke volume
A general term used to describe several conditions in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose their elasticity, becoming harder;
the most common type of the disease is atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis
a condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow; causes decrease in blood flow and increase in blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis
A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery.
Angioplasty
A small, permanent, wire-mesh tube that is inserted into the blocked area of an artery during angioplasty; holds the artery open and reduces the chance of the blockage redeveloping.
Stent
A surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries.
Coronary bypass
A bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall.
Aneurysm
A common form of heart valve disease, in which one or both of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) flaps bulge back into the atrium, preventing the valve from forming a tight seal.
Mitral valve prolapse
An irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat.
Arrhythmia
A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat.
Pacemaker
A heart defect that is present from birth.
Congenital heart defects
A stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel blocking blood flow to the brain.
Ischemic stroke
A stroke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue
Hemorrhagic stroke
Mapping of the coronary arteries by injecting a liquid dye into an artery and then taking X rays as the dye moves through the blood vessels.
Angiography
An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.
Hemophilia
Cancer of the white blood cells.
Leukemia
A common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells.
Anemia
A transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another.
Xenotransplant
Technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules.
Nanotechnology
Molecules that point to the development of a particular disease before obvious symptoms are apparent.
Biomarkers
A drug-delivery system designed to release drugs only to cells that have a basic pH.
Nanovalve
