Chapter 12 The Circulatory System (Defs.) Flashcards

1
Q

The system that transports blood, nutrients, and waste materials around the body.

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

The muscular organ that pumps blood via the circulatory system to the lungs and body.

A

Heart

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3
Q

The bodily fluid in which blood cells are suspended.

A

Blood

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4
Q

A hollow tube that carries blood to and from body tissues.

A

Blood vessel

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5
Q

A circulatory system in which vessels open into the animal’s body cavity.

A

Open circulatory system

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6
Q

The organ system comprised of the heart and blood vessels.

A

Cardiovascular system

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7
Q

The mixture of blood and fluids that surrounds the cells of invertebrates, such as insects and crustaceans.

A

Hemolymph

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8
Q

A circulatory system in which the circulating blood is contained within vessels and kept separate from the interstitial fluid.

A

Closed circulatory system

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9
Q

A unique type of tissue that makes up the walls of the heart; allows the heart to contract and relax rhythmically and involuntarily without becoming fatigued.

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

The two (left and right) top chambers of the heart that fill with blood returning from the body or the lungs.

A

Atria (singular atrium)

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11
Q

The two (left and right) bottom chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it out to the body or the lungs.

A

Ventricles

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12
Q

In the circulatory system, the thick muscular wall in the heart that separates the atria and the ventricles.

A

Septum

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13
Q

Two large vessels that open into the right atrium and collect oxygen-poor blood coming from the tissues in the head and body.

A

Vena cavae (singular vena cava)

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14
Q

A large blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.

A

Pulmonary artery

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15
Q

The blood vessel that carries blood from the lungs to the heart.

A

Pulmonary vein

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16
Q

An artery that carries blood directly from the heart to other arteries.

A

Aorta

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17
Q

A valve in the heart between the ventricle and atrium.

A

Atrioventricular valves

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18
Q

The atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart; made up of three flaps.

A

Tricuspid valve

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19
Q

The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart; made up of two flaps; also known as a mitral valve.

A

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

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20
Q

A valve between the ventricle and the large arteries; it carries blood away from the heart.

A

Semilunar valve

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21
Q

A blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

A

Artery

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22
Q

A blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor blood toward the heart.

A

Vein

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23
Q

A tiny blood vessel that carries blood from the arteries to the veins; site of gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.

A

Capillary

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24
Q

The circulatory system found in mammals; blood is pumped through one circuit between the heart and the lungs, and it is pumped a second time through another circuit between the heart and the rest of the body.

A

Double circulatory system

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25
Q

The path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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26
Q

The path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart.

A

Systemic circulation

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27
Q

The movement of blood through the heart tissues.

A

Cardiac circulation

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28
Q

The fluid portion of blood; consists of water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, and waste products.

A

Plasma

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29
Q

The solid portion of blood; consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

A

Formed portion

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30
Q

Red blood cells; they are specialized for oxygen transport and make up approximately 44 percent of the total volume of blood.

A

Erythrocytes

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31
Q

The process in which phagocytes (a form of leukocyte) engulf and destroy pathogens.

A

Phagocytosis

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32
Q

A cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.

A

Phagocyte

33
Q

The most abundant form of phagocytic leukocyte; found in the body tissues of animals, as well as in the blood.

A

Neutrophil

34
Q

A form of phagocytic leukocyte found in the mucous lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.

A

Eosinophil

35
Q

A form of leukocyte that aids in immunity by secreting substances that attract phagocytes to destroy pathogens; only form of leukocyte that is not a phagocyte.

A

Basophil

36
Q

A form of phagocytic leukocyte; some lymphocytes produce proteins called antibodies that incapacitate pathogens and allow them to be easily detected and destroyed.

A

Lymphocyte

37
Q

A form of phagocytic leukocyte that circulates in the bloodstream for only a few days before becoming specialized as a macrophage, which destroys bacteria.

A

Monocytes

38
Q

The third major substance in the formed portion of the blood; fragments of cells that form when larger cells in the bone marrow break apart; play a key role in blood clotting; also called thrombocytes.

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

39
Q

The widening of the blood vessels.

A

Vasodilation

40
Q

The narrowing of the blood vessels.

A

Vasoconstriction

41
Q

The specialized heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract.

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

42
Q

The specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

43
Q

A bundle of specialized fibres in the heart that transmit an electrical signal from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fires; involved in contraction of the heart.

A

Bundle of His

44
Q

Fibres that transmit an electrical signal from the atria into the ventricles, initiating the almost simultaneous contraction of all cells of the right and left ventricles.

A

Purkinje fibres

45
Q

A narrowing in the opening of the heart valves or arteries.

A

Stenosis

46
Q

A record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart.

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

47
Q

The force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels.

A

Blood pressure

48
Q

The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.

A

Systolic pressure

49
Q

The pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles fill with blood.

A

Diastolic pressure

50
Q

The phase of the heartbeat in which the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart.

A

Systole

51
Q

The phase of the heartbeat in which the ventricles fill with blood entering from the atria.

A

Diastole

52
Q

A medical device used to measure blood pressure.

A

Sphygmomanometer

53
Q

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart in mL/min.

A

Cardiac output

54
Q

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat.

A

Stroke volume

55
Q

A general term used to describe several conditions in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose their elasticity, becoming harder;
the most common type of the disease is atherosclerosis.

A

Arteriosclerosis

56
Q

a condition in which fatty deposits, calcium, and fibrous tissues build up on the inside of artery walls, causing the artery to narrow; causes decrease in blood flow and increase in blood pressure.

A

Atherosclerosis

57
Q

Fatty deposits that develop inside artery walls.

A

Plaque

58
Q

A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery.

A

Angioplasty

59
Q

A small, permanent, wire-mesh tube that is inserted into the blocked area of an artery during angioplasty; holds the artery open and reduces the chance of the blockage redeveloping.

A

Stent

60
Q

A surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries.

A

Coronary bypass

61
Q

A bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall.

A

Aneurysm

62
Q

A common form of heart valve disease, in which one or both of the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) flaps bulge back into the atrium, preventing the valve from forming a tight seal.

A

Mitral valve prolapse

63
Q

An irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat.

A

Arrhythmia

64
Q

A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat.

A

Pacemaker

65
Q

A heart defect that is present from birth.

A

Congenital heart defects

66
Q

A stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel blocking blood flow to the brain.

A

Ischemic stroke

67
Q

A stroke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

68
Q

Mapping of the coronary arteries by injecting a liquid dye into an artery and then taking X rays as the dye moves through the blood vessels.

A

Angiography

69
Q

A diagnostic procedure that uses ultrasound technology to create a picture of the heart; may be done to determine the cause of a stroke or whether there is a risk of blood clots.

A

Echocardiogram (ECHO)

70
Q

A diagnostic device that attaches to the chest via small electrodes and records heart rhythm while a person goes about daily activities.

A

Holter monitor

71
Q

A diagnostic device that a person activates when symptoms of irregular heart activity occur; the wearer phones in the readings to a special monitoring station.

A

Event monitor

72
Q

A technique that allows X rays of the heart and blood vessels to be taken by inserting a thin, flexible tube through an artery in the groin or the arm.

A

Cardiac catheterization

73
Q

An inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally.

A

Hemophilia

74
Q

Cancer of the white blood cells.

A

Leukemia

75
Q

A common blood disorder in which the blood contains fewer than normal healthy red blood cells.

A

Anemia

76
Q

A transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another.

A

Xenotransplant

77
Q

Technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules.

A

Nanotechnology

78
Q

Molecules that point to the development of a particular disease before obvious symptoms are apparent.

A

Biomarkers

79
Q

A drug-delivery system designed to release drugs only to cells that have a basic pH.

A

Nanovalve