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Biology Grade 11 > Chapter 3 Multicellular Diversity (Defs.) > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Multicellular Diversity (Defs.) Flashcards

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1
Q

A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist.

A

Alga (plural algae)

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2
Q

In brown algae. Anchors the algae. Root-like.

A

Holdfast

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3
Q

In brown algae. Extends from the holdfast. A long, stem-like structure. From it, grow flat, leaf-like blades.

A

Stipe

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4
Q

In brown algae. Used to collect light, take in carbon dioxide, and give off oxygen. Leaf-like.

A

Blade

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5
Q

A multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls.

A

Plant

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6
Q

An organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.

A

Embryo

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7
Q

A group of plants containing tissue specialized for transporting substances; contain two types of _______ tissue - xylem and phloem.

A

Vascular plants

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual. Also known as alternation of generations.

A

Sporic reproduction

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9
Q

The haploid (contains only one set of chromosomes) plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis.

A

Gametophyte

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10
Q

The diploid (contains two sets of chromosomes) plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis.

A

Sporophyte

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11
Q

Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

A

Xylem

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12
Q

Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients, like sugars, often from the leaves to the roots, but also from roots and mature leaves to new leaves.

A

Phloem

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13
Q

The tough material found in the cell walls of xylem tissue.

A

Lignin

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14
Q

A type of sexual reproduction in which there are two multicellular stages in the life cycle - a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual; also known as sporic reproduction.

A

Alternation of generations

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15
Q

The structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and inorganic nutrients from soil, and stores organic nutrients.

A

Root

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16
Q

A small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of ________. Three phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

A

Bryophyte

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17
Q

Non-vascular plants have these small root-like structures (instead of roots), which develop from their lower surfaces.

A

Rhizoids

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18
Q

The female gametophyte develops this, which is the structure that produces eggs.

A

Archegonium

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19
Q

The male gametophyte develops this, which is the structure that produces sperm.

A

Antheridium

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20
Q

Early land plants that reproduce sexually by sporic reproduction; the sporophyte generation is the dominant stage in their life cycle; include ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.

A

Seedless vascular plants

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21
Q

A horizontal stem that grows underground.

A

Rhizome

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22
Q

A vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds.

A

Gymnosperm

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23
Q

A vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue. Their seeds are contained in a fruit.

A

Angiosperm

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24
Q

A gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts.

A

Cone

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25
Q

An immature male gametophyte; also called a microsprore. Never form a free-living plant in conifers, these are produced in great quantities and are released into the wind. A few land on the female cones, releasing sperm nuclei, which then fertilized the eggs.
First part of word: part of stamen, cases that contain male gametes.

A

Pollen grain

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26
Q

A collection of structures in angiosperms used for sexual reproduction.

A

Flower

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27
Q

The male reproductive organ in plants.

A

Stamen

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28
Q

Part of the stamen containing cells that undergo meiosis and mitotic cell divisions to form pollen grains. Where pollen is produced and stored.

A

Anther

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28
Q

Part of the stamen that supports the anther.

A

Filament (stalk)

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29
Q

The female reproductive organ in plants.

A

Pistil

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30
Q

The tip of the pistil; the place where pollination takes place. The sticky “lip” of the carpel that captures pollen grains.

A

Stigma

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31
Q

The transfer of the male gametophyte (pollen grain) to the female reproductive structure (pistil) in flowering plants.

A

Pollination

32
Q

The part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary. Stalk that supports the stigma.

A

Style

32
Q

The part of the pistil that contains the ovule(s). Swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules.

A

Ovary

33
Q

Sacs that contain female gametes.

A

Ovules

34
Q

A non-fertile part of the flower that attracts pollinators.

A

Petal

35
Q

The non-fertile part of the flower that surrounds and protects the flower bud.

A

Sepal

36
Q

A mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds.

A

Fruit

37
Q

A major cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon.

A

Monocot

38
Q

A major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons.

A

Dicot

39
Q

A structure within a plant embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow; also known as a seed leaf.

A

Cotyledon

40
Q

A stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin.

A

Fungus (plural fungi)

41
Q

A multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus.

A

Hypha (plural hyphae)

42
Q

A complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae.

A

Mycelium (plural mycelia)

43
Q

The spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi.

A

Fruiting body

44
Q

A reproductive cell that can develop into a new individual without uniting with another reproductive cell. Distinguished from gametes, which are reproductive cells that must unite with gametes of the opposite sex in order to form a new organism.

A

Spore

45
Q

The mutualistic partnership that fungi have with plants. The mycelia increase the absorptive surface of the plant roots, allowing the plants to take up more nutrient. The fungus receives sugar from the plant.

A

Mycorrhiza

46
Q

A method of asexual reproduction in fungi; involves a smaller cell that develops while attached to the parent cell and is eventually pinched off the parent cell to produce a new individual.

A

Budding

47
Q

Method of asexual reproduction in fungi in which a piece of mycelium breaks off and forms a new individual.

A

Fragmentation

48
Q

A diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei; this structure is characteristic of _________ fungi that reproduce sexually during unfavorable conditions.

A

Zygospore

48
Q

A small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores.

A

Ascus (plural asci)

49
Q

A club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes; they bear spores called basidiospores.

A

Basidium (plural basidia)

50
Q

An organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.

A

Lichen

51
Q

A spore released from the fruiting body of a club fungus.

A

Basidiospore

52
Q

A unique organism that depends on a relationship between separate species; for example, lichen depends on a relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.

A

Composite organism

53
Q

An animal that does not have a backbone.

A

Invertebrate

54
Q

An animal with an internal skeleton and a backbone.

A

Vertebrate

55
Q

A group of similar cells that are specialized to perform specific tasks.

A

Tissue

56
Q

A body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves.

A

Radial symmetry

57
Q

A body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves.

A

Bilateral symmetry

58
Q

A fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.

A

Coelom

59
Q

The divisions of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts.

A

Segmentation

60
Q

The tube-shaped sessile body form of cnidarians. Ex. sea anemones.

A

Polyp

61
Q

The umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body from of cnidarians.

A

Medusa

62
Q

A membrane that surrounds a mollusc’s internal organs

A

Mantle

63
Q

An external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects against water loss and predation.

A

Exoskeleton

64
Q

“Joined foot”; a member of the largest animal phylum; characterized by having legs made up of movable sections connected by joints, a body divided into segments, and a hard exoskeleton.

A

Arthropod

65
Q

A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine.

A

Notochord

66
Q

The flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons.

A

Cartilage

67
Q

A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; an amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal.

A

Tetrapod

68
Q

A type of egg in which several layers of membranes develop around the egg prior to the secretion of the shell.

A

Amniotic egg

69
Q

The reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature.

A

Ectothermy

70
Q

The use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature.

A

Endothermy

71
Q

A mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk for nourishing developing young.

A

Mammary gland

72
Q

An organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and developing offspring.

A

Placenta

73
Q

A large-scale dying out of a large percentage of all living organisms within an area over a short time.

A

Mass extinction

74
Q

The current decline in genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity that may represent a mass extinction.

A

Biodiversity crisis

75
Q

A scientific method in which an idea about a mechanism is formulated and real-life data are then used to see if the data fit the model.

A

Modelling

76
Q

A system in which the sex of offspring is determined by incubation temperature rather than by genes.

A

Temperature sex determination

Biology Grade 11 (4 decks)

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