Chapter 3 Multicellular Diversity (Defs.) Flashcards
A unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic protist.
Alga (plural algae)
In brown algae. Anchors the algae. Root-like.
Holdfast
In brown algae. Extends from the holdfast. A long, stem-like structure. From it, grow flat, leaf-like blades.
Stipe
In brown algae. Used to collect light, take in carbon dioxide, and give off oxygen. Leaf-like.
Blade
A multicellular photosynthetic eukaryote with cellulose-based cell walls.
Plant
An organism’s early pre-birth stage of development.
Embryo
A group of plants containing tissue specialized for transporting substances; contain two types of _______ tissue - xylem and phloem.
Vascular plants
Sexual reproduction that alternates between a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual. Also known as alternation of generations.
Sporic reproduction
The haploid (contains only one set of chromosomes) plant in sporic reproduction that produces gametes by mitosis.
Gametophyte
The diploid (contains two sets of chromosomes) plant in sporic reproduction that produces spores by meiosis.
Sporophyte
Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Xylem
Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients, like sugars, often from the leaves to the roots, but also from roots and mature leaves to new leaves.
Phloem
The tough material found in the cell walls of xylem tissue.
Lignin
A type of sexual reproduction in which there are two multicellular stages in the life cycle - a gamete-making individual and a spore-making individual; also known as sporic reproduction.
Alternation of generations
The structure that anchors a plant in the ground, absorbs water and inorganic nutrients from soil, and stores organic nutrients.
Root
A small, non-vascular land plant; the formal name Bryophyta is reserved for the mosses, one group of ________. Three phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Bryophyte
Non-vascular plants have these small root-like structures (instead of roots), which develop from their lower surfaces.
Rhizoids
The female gametophyte develops this, which is the structure that produces eggs.
Archegonium
The male gametophyte develops this, which is the structure that produces sperm.
Antheridium
Early land plants that reproduce sexually by sporic reproduction; the sporophyte generation is the dominant stage in their life cycle; include ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, and horsetails.
Seedless vascular plants
A horizontal stem that grows underground.
Rhizome
A vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds.
Gymnosperm
A vascular plant with seeds enclosed in protective tissue. Their seeds are contained in a fruit.
Angiosperm
A gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts.
Cone
An immature male gametophyte; also called a microsprore. Never form a free-living plant in conifers, these are produced in great quantities and are released into the wind. A few land on the female cones, releasing sperm nuclei, which then fertilized the eggs.
First part of word: part of stamen, cases that contain male gametes.
Pollen grain
A collection of structures in angiosperms used for sexual reproduction.
Flower
The male reproductive organ in plants.
Stamen
Part of the stamen containing cells that undergo meiosis and mitotic cell divisions to form pollen grains. Where pollen is produced and stored.
Anther
Part of the stamen that supports the anther.
Filament (stalk)
The female reproductive organ in plants.
Pistil
The tip of the pistil; the place where pollination takes place. The sticky “lip” of the carpel that captures pollen grains.
Stigma
The transfer of the male gametophyte (pollen grain) to the female reproductive structure (pistil) in flowering plants.
Pollination
The part of the pistil that connects the stigma to the ovary. Stalk that supports the stigma.
Style
The part of the pistil that contains the ovule(s). Swollen base of the carpel that contains ovules.
Ovary
Sacs that contain female gametes.
Ovules
A non-fertile part of the flower that attracts pollinators.
Petal
The non-fertile part of the flower that surrounds and protects the flower bud.
Sepal
A mature ovary of a flower that protects and disperses dormant seeds.
Fruit
A major cluster of flowering plants that have one cotyledon.
Monocot
A major cluster of flowering plants that have two cotyledons.
Dicot
A structure within a plant embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow; also known as a seed leaf.
Cotyledon
A stationary, heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin.
Fungus (plural fungi)
A multicellular, thread-like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus.
Hypha (plural hyphae)
A complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae.
Mycelium (plural mycelia)
The spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi.
Fruiting body
A reproductive cell that can develop into a new individual without uniting with another reproductive cell. Distinguished from gametes, which are reproductive cells that must unite with gametes of the opposite sex in order to form a new organism.
Spore
The mutualistic partnership that fungi have with plants. The mycelia increase the absorptive surface of the plant roots, allowing the plants to take up more nutrient. The fungus receives sugar from the plant.
Mycorrhiza
A method of asexual reproduction in fungi; involves a smaller cell that develops while attached to the parent cell and is eventually pinched off the parent cell to produce a new individual.
Budding
Method of asexual reproduction in fungi in which a piece of mycelium breaks off and forms a new individual.
Fragmentation
A diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei; this structure is characteristic of _________ fungi that reproduce sexually during unfavorable conditions.
Zygospore
A small finger-like structure in which sac fungi develop spores.
Ascus (plural asci)
A club-shaped hypha found in members of the Basidiomycotes; they bear spores called basidiospores.
Basidium (plural basidia)
An organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.
Lichen
A spore released from the fruiting body of a club fungus.
Basidiospore
A unique organism that depends on a relationship between separate species; for example, lichen depends on a relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga.
Composite organism
An animal that does not have a backbone.
Invertebrate
An animal with an internal skeleton and a backbone.
Vertebrate
A group of similar cells that are specialized to perform specific tasks.
Tissue
A body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves.
Radial symmetry
A body plan that can be divided along one plane, through the central axis, into equal halves.
Bilateral symmetry
A fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.
Coelom
The divisions of multicellular bodies into a series of repetitive parts.
Segmentation
The tube-shaped sessile body form of cnidarians. Ex. sea anemones.
Polyp
The umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body from of cnidarians.
Medusa
A membrane that surrounds a mollusc’s internal organs
Mantle
An external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment, and protects against water loss and predation.
Exoskeleton
“Joined foot”; a member of the largest animal phylum; characterized by having legs made up of movable sections connected by joints, a body divided into segments, and a hard exoskeleton.
Arthropod
A flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals; during vertebrate development it is replaced by the spine.
Notochord
The flexible, non-bony, tough material found in vertebrate endoskeletons.
Cartilage
A vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; an amphibian, reptile, bird, or mammal.
Tetrapod
A type of egg in which several layers of membranes develop around the egg prior to the secretion of the shell.
Amniotic egg
The reliance on environmental heat for determining internal body temperature.
Ectothermy
The use of metabolic heat to maintain a high, constant body temperature.
Endothermy
A mammalian gland that produces and secretes milk for nourishing developing young.
Mammary gland
An organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and developing offspring.
Placenta
A large-scale dying out of a large percentage of all living organisms within an area over a short time.
Mass extinction
The current decline in genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity that may represent a mass extinction.
Biodiversity crisis
