Chapter 2 Diversity: From Simple to Complex (Defs.) Flashcards
A structure that contains strands of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protective protein coat; it cannot live independently outside of cells.
Virus
The outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus.
Capsid
The replication process in viruses in which the virus’s genetic material uses the copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses.
Lytic cycle
The replication process in viruses, in which the viral DNA enters the host cell’s chromosomes; it may remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses.
Lysogenic cycle
An infectious particle that causes damage to nerve cells in the brain, and that appears to consist mostly or entirely of a single protein.
Prion
An individual prokaryotic cell or a single species that is in the domain Bacteria.
Bacterium (plural bacteria)
An individual prokaryotic cell or a single species that is in the domain Archaea.
Archaeon (plural archaea
A biological (or chemical) process that produces methane as an by-product. Appears to be unique to the Archaea.
Methanogenesis
An organism that lives in habitats characterized by extreme conditions.
Extremophile
An organism that lives in habitats characterized by moderate conditions.
Mesophile
The asexual form of reproduction used by most prokaryotes (and some eukaryotic organelles), in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells (or organelles).
Binary fission
A process in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving two cells.
conjugation
A dormant bacterial cell able to survive for long periods during extreme conditions.
Endospore
A stain that separates bacteria into two major divisions (positive and negative) based on the cell wall’s response to the stain.
Gram stain
Theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between two or more prokaryotic cells.
Endosymbiosis
A cell that is engulfed by another cell in endosymbiosis.
Endosymbiont
A eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular, that is not a fungus, plant, or animal.
Protist
An organism that benefits by living in or on another organism at the expense of that organism.
Parasite
A temporary cytoplasmic extension that amoebas use for feeding and movement.
Pseudopod (plural pseudopodia)
A short, hair-like projection that functions in cell movement and particle manipulation when coordinated with other _____.
Cilium (plural cilia)
A long, hair-like projection extending from the cell membrane that propels the cell using a whip-like motion.
Flagellum (plural flagella)
A coastal phenomenon in which dinoflagellates that contain _____ pigments are so concentrated that the seawater has a distinct _____ colour.
Red tide
Eg. HIV contain an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) that copies RNA into DNA. Type of virus that uses RNA as its genetic material. When it infects a cell, it converts its RNA into DNA, which then integrates into the host cell’s DNA. This can lead to changes in the host cell’s genome and potentially cause diseases.
Retrovirus
Name of the enzyme in retroviruses.
Reverse transcriptase
Viral DNA is now part of the host chromosome.
Provirus
