Chapter 11 The Respiratory System (Defs.) Flashcards
The process of drawing, or pumping, an oxygen-containing medium over a respiratory surface.
Ventilation
The area of an animal’s body in which gases are exchanged with the environment.
Respiratory surface
Small tubes in the insect respiratory system through which oxygen enters from the environment and passes into the tracheae.
Spiracles
The tube that carries air from the nasal passages or mouth to the bronchi and then to the lungs; also known as the windpipe.
Tracheae
The situation in which a dissolved substance moves from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
Diffusion gradient
A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
Diaphragm
Muscles attached to the rib cage that assist in breathing by helping to expand and contract the thoracic cavity.
Intercostal muscles
A graph representing the amount (volume) and speed (rate of flow) of air that is inhaled and exhaled, as measured by a spirometer.
Spirograph
The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
Tidal volume
The volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond the regular tidal inhalation.
Inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs beyond the regular tidal exhalation.
Expiratory reserve volume
The total maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during a single breath.
Vital capacity
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after a complete exhalation.
Residual volume
The passageway just behind the mouth that connects the mouth and nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus.
Pharynx
The tube that carries air from the nasal passage or mouth to the bronchi and then to the lungs; also known as the windpipe.
Trachea
The opening of the trachea through which air enters the larynx.
Glottis
Very thin bones that project into the nasal-passages and increase the surface area of these chambers.
Turbinate bones
The structure between the glottis and the trachea that contains the vocal cords.
Larynx
The passageway that branches from the trachea to the lungs.
Bronchus
The passageway that branches from each bronchus inside the lung into increasingly smaller, thin-walled tubes.
Bronchiole
A tiny sac, with a wall that is one cell thick, found at the end of a bronchiole; respiratory gases are exchanged in this sac.
Alveolus
A thin, flexible, double-layered sac that surrounds each lung; the outer layer of this membrane is attached to the inside of the chest wall, and the inner layer covers the lungs.
Pleural membrane
An iron-containing protein found in red blood cells, which binds to and transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Hemoglobin
An inflammation of the larynx that can cause the voice to become raspy or hoarse.
Laryngitis
An infection of the tonsils caused by a virus or by bacteria.
Tonsilitis
A lung disease that causes chronic inflammation of the lungs and overproduction of the mucus in the lungs.
Asthma
A chronic respiratory disease that affects the ability of the lungs to expel air.
Emphysema
The spread of cancerous cells from their original site to other parts of the body.
Metastasis
A disease that causes inflammation in one or both lungs; it is usually caused by a viral infection or a bacterial infection.
Pneumonia
A genetic disease that causes a thick build-up of mucus in the lungs, resulting in infection, inflammation, and damage to the lung tissues.
Cystic fibrosis
A respiratory disease that causes inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi; it is classified as either acute (due to infection) or chronic (due to an irritant).
Bronchitis
A tumor made up of rapidly multiplying cells.
Carcinoma
A cancer-causing agent.
Carcinogen
