Chapter 4: Attachment Through the Life Course and Happiness

Question 1

attachment behavior system

Answer 1

designed by natural selection to regulate proximity to an attachment figure

Question 2

strange situation by Ainsworth

Answer 2

a laboratory task in which infants and their primary caregivers are briefly separated and reunited as a way to study individual differences in attachment behavior

Question 3

3 main forms of happiness

Answer 3

• high life satisfaction
• frequent positive feelings
• infrequent negative feelings

Question 4

internal causes (top-down influences)

Answer 4

• congenital temperament
• personality and temperament
• outlook
• resilience

Question 5

congenital temperament

Answer 5

our genes influence our happiness, and even when identical twins are raised separately, they tend to be similar in their levels of subjective well-being

Question 6

personality and temperament

Answer 6

personality is partly innate and partly learned and affects our happiness

Question 7

outlook

Answer 7

people can develop the habit of noticing the good things in life and interpreting ambiguous events in a positive way. other people can develop negative mental habits. culture can affect an optimistic or pessimistic outlook in life

Question 8

resilience

Answer 8

happy people tend to bounce back faster after losses and negative events

Question 9

external causes (bottom-up influences)

Answer 9

• sufficient material resources
• sufficient social resources
• desirable society

Question 10

sufficient material resources

Answer 10

people have enough money to meet their basic needs and achieve their most important goals

Question 11

sufficient social resources

Answer 11

people differ in their need for social contact, but everyone needs some supportive and trusted others

Question 12

desirable society

Answer 12

the society we live in affects our happiness

Question 13

aspirations

Answer 13

things people want in life including income, occupation and possible marriage

Question 14

healthy & longevity (as a positive outcome of happiness)

Answer 14

happy and optimistic people have stronger immune systems, less cardiovascular disease, and are more likely to engage in healthy behaviors.

Question 15

social relations (as a positive outcome of happiness)

Answer 15

happy people are more popular and their relationships are more stable and rewarding, fewer divorces and fewer resignations

Question 16

productivity (as a positive outcome of happiness)

Answer 16

organizations in which people are positive and satisfied seem to be more successful

Question 17

citizenship (as a positive outcome of happiness)

Answer 17

happy people are more likely to donate their time and money to charities and to help others at work