Chapter 4 Flashcards
________ is a progressive state of cellular hypo perfusion in which insufficient oxygen is available to meet tissue demands, which results in adequate energy production to perform cellular activities.
Shock
A complete heartbeat is called a __________.
cardiac cycle
_______ is the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute.
Cardiac output
The precontraction pressure is known as ________.
preload
The force, or resistance against which the heart pumps is known as ________.
afterload
The stroke volume of a healthy adult is typically about ____mL.
70
The resistance of blood flow through the circulatory system is called ___________.
peripheral vascular resistance
The _________ are the first cellular components affected by shock.
mitochondria
In the aortic arch and carotid arteries, sympathetic nerve fibers called ______ constantly monitor arterial blood pressure.
baroreceptors
The _______, located on top of the kidneys, release epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to declining cardiac output.
adrenal glands
The anterior pituitary gland releases _______ in response to shock.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
__________ secretion also creates the sensation of thirst, one of the early signs of shock.
Aldosterone
In hemorrhagic shock, decompensated shock occurs when blood volume drops by more than _____%.
30
_______ may be the last measurable factor to change in shock.
Blood pressure
Bright red blood in the stool indicates active bleeding from the _______ GI tract.
lower
Dark red or maroon stool called ______ is due to upper GI bleeding.
melena
A weak, thready pulse is an indicator of __________.
hypoperfusion
Because of an increase in a person’s metabolism during shock, ______ can become perilously low.
glucose
It is preferred that the blood be typed and crossmatched, but if time does not allow, uncross matched type __________ can be given.
O-negative
There are generally two complications of blood product administration:
infection
immune reactions
Monitoring the patient’s ________ is a standard of care during blood administration.
temperature
Shock can be categorized into four types:
hypovolemic
cardiogenic
obstructive
distributive
In a healthy adult, ______% blood loss is well tolerated.
10 - 15
__________ is highly characteristic of neurogenic shock.
Bradycardia
The most common cause of radiogenic shock, is myocardial infarction with greater than a ____% loss of heart muscle.
40
__________ shock occurs when blood flow to the great vessels or heart is occluded.
Obstructive
The most treatable cause of obstructive shock is ________.
tension pneumothorax
Late shock can trigger an overstimulation of the clotting cascade in which clotting and bleeding begin to occur simultaneously. This is known as ___________.
Disseminated Intravascular coagulation
_______ is a progressive condition characterized by combined failure or two more organs or organ systems that were initially unharmed by the acute disorder or injury that caused the patient’s illness.
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
Up to 1 out of every 500 African-Americans will have this disorder which results in abnormal sickling of the red blood cells.
Sickle Cell Anemia
_________ occurs when the body has an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood.
Thrombocytopenia
_______ is a bleeding disorder that occurs when there is a deficiency in clotting factors, or proteins in the blood that work with platelets to help blood to clot.
Hemophilia
