Chapter 4 Flashcards
Define metabolism
a process consisting of chemical changes that take place inside living cells
Define catabolism
breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones
Define anabolism
synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones. Synthesis = Building
What is synthesis
Building
Explain oxidation
- during oxidation glucose burns in the cells to release energy that fuels anabolism
- inside the cells enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed for oxidation as part of cellular respiration
- gain o2 loss of hydrogen
During oxidation what is gained and what is lost
o2 is gained and hydrogen lost
Explain oxidation reduction
First step is oxidation (gain of 02 and loss of hydrogen)
- electrons are usually lost from the oxidized substance
- co2 remains and molecular o2 is the final electron acceptor, it combines with the removed hydrogen at the end of the process to form water
What happens after oxidation?
another substance gains electrons meaning it is reduced
Oxidation & reduction are coupled reactions known as….
redox reactions
Do oxidised substances lose or gain energy?
lose
Do reduced substances lose or gain energy?
gain
Name the 3 types of reactions required for cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle (krebs cycle), electron transport chain
What is glycolysis
involves the breakdown of glucose to yield lactic or pyruvic acid, releasing energy as ATP
What is the citric acid cycle
involves metabolism of carbon chains of glucose, fatty acids + amino acids. It yields co2, water and ATP (high energy bonds)
What is the electron transport chain
the high energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy of the original glucose molecule
Does anaerobic respiration take place inside or outside of the mitrochondria?
outside
Which releases the least energy? Anaerobic or aerobic respiration?
anaerobic
Where does aerobic respiration generate energy?
mitrochondria
Specific sequences of enzymatic actions control cellular respiraton, anabolic and catabolic reactions. Each sequenceis called a….
metabolic pathway
Glycogenesis joins glucose molecules in long or short chains to form glycogen
long
What is glycogenolysis?
is the process of forming new glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules.
the splitting (lysis) of glycogen occurs when blood glucose levels drop
What is the most concentrated energy source?
fats
what type of fats are the only type of fats regularly oxidised for energy?
triglyceride
What is lipogenesis also known as?
triglyceride synthesis
Explain liogenesis
occurs when ATP and glucose levels are high in the cells
Explain lipolysis
- opposite of lipogenesis.
- Defined as the breakdown of stored fats into fatty acids and glycerol
- because the body cannot store excess protein it is broken down + replaced before it deteriorates.
