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A & P 1 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves

A 
olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal 
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal
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2
Q

Describe the functions of the optic nerve

A
  • associated with sense of vision

- its a brain tract because it develops as an outgrowth of the brain

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3
Q

Describe the oculomotor nerve

A
  • rasies eyelids
  • moves eyes
  • adjusts the amount of light entering
  • focuses lenses
  • moves the eyeball
  • moves the eyeball by using 4 extrinsic muscles, inferior oblique, superior, inferior and medial rectus muscles
  • parasympathetic motor fibers reach the spincter pupillae to cause the pupil to constrict
  • cillary muscle controls lense shape
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4
Q

What functions can the oculomotor nerve do?

A
  • raise eyelids
  • adjusts the amount of light entering
  • focuses lenses
  • moves eyeballs
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5
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles that work with the oculomotor

A

inferior oblique
superior rectus muscle
inferior rectus muscle
medial rectus muscle

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6
Q

Describe the glossopharyngeal nerve

A
  • motor fibers transmit impulses to the pharynx muscles used in swallowing, and to the salivary glands
  • innervate the tongue

-sensory fibers transmit impulses from the pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue + cartoid arteries

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7
Q

Describe the vagus nerve

A

somatic motor fibers- transmit impulses to muscles used for speech and swallowing

  • autonomic moor fibers transmit impulses to the heart, smooth muscles and thoracic and abdominal glands
  • sensory fibers transmit impulses from the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, viscera of the thorax and abdomen
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8
Q

Reflexes can be either ____ or ____

A

inborn (intrinsic) or learned (acquired)

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9
Q

Describe inborn reflexes

A
  • rapid

- predictable motor responses to stimuli

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10
Q

Describe learned reflexes

A

developed from repetition over time

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11
Q

Name the 5 essential components to a reflex arch

A
  • receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • integration center
  • motor neuron
  • effector
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12
Q

Spinal reflexes can be either ___ or ___

A

somatic or autonomic

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13
Q

What do somatic spinal reflexes do?

A

activate skeletal muscle

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14
Q

What do autonomic (visceral) spinal reflexes do?

A

activate visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands)

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15
Q

What are spinal reflexes

A

somatic reflexes controlled by the spinal cord, often without direct involvement of higher brain centers

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16
Q

If the spinal cord is transected what may happen as a result?

A

spinal shock

17
Q

Why are tests of somatic reflexes carried out? What do they test?

A

nervous system functioning

18
Q

Explain dual innervation of the ANS

A
  • helps to balance the sympathetic + parasympathetic divisions
  • via dual innervation the divisions counter balance each other keeping body systems functioning normally
  • both divisions generally cause opposite effects on the same visceral organs
  • cooperative dual innervations involve the fibers of both systems working together to produce a response
  • dual innervations may also be antagonistic of complimentary
19
Q

Describe the arrangement of sympathetic neurons + ganglia

A
  • all preganglionic fibers arise from cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord T1-L2 (thoracolumbar)
  • after leaving the spinal cord via the ventral root, preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through a white ramus communicans to enter adjoining sympathetic trunk ganglion that forms part of the sympathetic trunk
  • the sympathetic trunks consist of the sympathetic ganglia and fibers that run from one ganglion to another
  • sympathetic fibers arise only from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments
  • once a preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglon, it can either synapse at the same level, higher, lower or in a distant collateral ganglion
20
Q

Describe the arrangement of parasympathetic neurons + ganglia

A
  • also called craniosacral division, preganglionic fibers emerge from opposite ends of the CNS
  • The axons then synapse with postganglionic neurons in the terminal ganglia
  • short postganglionic axons emerge from the terminal ganglia to synapse with nearby effector cells
21
Q

Distinguish between sympathetic + parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic

  • mobilises body during activity
  • emergencies, excitement, exercise
  • thorocolumbar origins
  • short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers
  • ganglia lie close to the spinal cord

parasympathetic

  • promotes maintenance + conserves energy
  • digestion, defecation + diuresis
  • craniosacral origins
  • long preganglionic fibers, short post ganglionic fibers
  • ganglia are located in the visceral effector organs
22
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS work together to do what?

A

balance homeostasis

A & P 1 (14 decks)

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