Chapter 2

Question 1

Define electrolyte

Answer 1

substances that release ions in water. When they dissolve the - & + ends of water molecules cause ions to seperate and interact with water molecules instead of each other

Question 2

Define Acids

Answer 2

are electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water

Question 3

Define bases

Answer 3

are electrolytes that release ions that bond with hydrogen ions

Question 4

Define buffers

Answer 4

Chemicals which resist pH changes. They combine with hydrogen ions when they are excessive and contribute hydrogen ions when ions are reduced

Question 5

What is pH a measure of?

Answer 5

Hydrogen ion concentration

Question 6

What does pH range from?

Answer 6

0-14

Question 7

What is the pH of water?

Answer 7

7

Question 8

A pH of 7 is also known as

Answer 8

neutral

Question 9

For a solution to be neutral what must it contain?

Answer 9

an equal number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

Question 10

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 10

7.35-7.45

Question 11

Acidosis is caused by a blood pH lower than …?

Answer 11

7.35

Question 12

If pH falls below 7, what can occur?

Answer 12

coma

Question 13

Name the two causes of acidosis

Answer 13

metabolic & respiratory

Question 14

How/why does metabolic acidosis occur?

Answer 14

kidneys are unable to remove ketone bodies

Question 15

How/why does respiratory acidosis occur?

Answer 15

high CO2 in blood

Question 16

Patients suffering which conditions are predisposed to respiratory acidosis?

Answer 16

COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis

Question 17

Alkalosis is caused by a pH greater than …?

Answer 17

7.45

Question 18

If pH rises above 7.8 what can happen?

Answer 18

uncontrollable skeletal muscle contractions

Question 19

uncontrollable skeletal muscle contractions can be caused by a pH…

Answer 19

over 7.8

Question 20

coma can be caused by a pH…

Answer 20

lower than 7

Question 21

What are the types of alkalosis?

Answer 21

metabolic & respiratory

Question 22

What causes metabolic alkalosis?

Answer 22

elevations of tissue pH as a result of decreased hydrogen ions or increase in bicarbonate concentrations

Question 23

What causes respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 23

increase in RR elevates pH.

Question 24

Patients suffering which conditions are predisposed to respiratory alkalosis?

Answer 24

pneumonia, stroke, fever, meningitis, pregnancy

Question 25

Define enzymes

Answer 25

In the body enzymes promote chemical reactions by acting as catalysts to accelerate these reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed.

Question 26

What are enzymes made from?

Answer 26

Some enzymes are only made of protein, whereas others have a protein portion (apoenzyme) and a cofactor. Most organic cofactors are derived from B complex vitamins and are known as coenzymes.

Question 27

Discuss ATP

Answer 27

ATP pairs with catabolized glucose to power the body. ATP is the main molecule in cells that transfer energy + provides a type of energy that all body cells can use immediately.

Question 28

What is apoenzyme?

Answer 28

the protein portion of an enzyme

Question 29

What is a cofactor?

Answer 29

Most organic cofactors are derived from B complex vitamins and are known as co-enzymes.