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A & P 1 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomical + functional divisions of the nervous system

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM
1)CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2)PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
divides into
-sensory/ afferent functions
-motor/efferent functions

motor functions divides into

  • somatic nervous system
  • autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system divides into

  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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2
Q

Describe the CNS

A
  • consists of the brain + spinal cord
  • control center for the nervous system
  • integrates all of its activities, reflexes, past happenings + current conditions to determine how it will interpret sensory input + control motor functions
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3
Q

Describe the PNS

A
  • consists of peripheral nerves connecting the CNS to other parts of the body
  • cranial nerves transmit impulses to + from the brain
  • spinal nerves transmit impulses to + from the spinal cord
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4
Q

The CNS + PNS work together to do what?

A

provide sensory integrated + motor functions to the body

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5
Q

Describe the Afferent/sensory division of the PNS

A
  • carries impulses towards the CNS from bodys sensory receptors
  • somatic sensory fibers transmit impulses from the joints, skeletal muscle and skin
  • visceral sensory fibers transmit impulses from the visceral organs of the ventral body cavity
  • sensory division informs the CNS of all events inside + outside of the body
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6
Q

Describe the Efferent/motor division of the PNS

A
  • carries impulses from the cns to effector organs
  • activates muscles to contract
  • activates glands to secrete
  • cause motor responses
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7
Q

Describe the Somatic branch of the motor division

A
  • made up of somatic motor fibers transmitting impulses from the cns to skeletal muscles
  • also known as the voluntary nervous system because skeletal muscles are under conscious control
  • however also controls involuntary contractions such as those involved in reflexes
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8
Q

Describe the Autonomic branch of the motor division

A
  • contains visceral motor nerve fibers
  • regulating glandular, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle activity
  • in general, not under conscious control, involuntary nervous system
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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS + PNS

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory/afferent & motor/efferent

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11
Q

What are the two divisions of the Motor efferent branch?

A

somatic and autonomic

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12
Q

What are the two sub-divisions of autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasymmpathetic

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13
Q

Describe the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic sub divisions

A

their actions usually oppose each other, when one division causes stimulation the other inhibits its actions

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14
Q

Name the 8 functions of the nervous system

A
  • sensory receptors located at the ends of peripheral neurons provide the nervous systems sensory functions
  • detect changes in the bodys internal + external environment + relay information. These changes may involve 02 levels, temperature, light and sound
  • convents information into nerve impulses which are integrates so they can be processed to achieve the correct reaction
  • motor functions act upon integrated info
  • effectors cause motor responses such as muscle contractions + gland secretions
  • Somatic nervous system consciously controls skeletal muscle
  • Autonomic nervous system controls cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and some glands
  • maintains homeostasis by responding to changes that occur
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15
Q

Name the structural components of a neuron

A

nucleus, cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal boutons

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16
Q

Discuss nervous tissue

A

consists of masses of neurons
highly cellular
neurons are structural and functional units of the nervous system
each neuron has a specalized function

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17
Q

how many neurons exist?

A

BILLIONS

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18
Q

How long can neurons function well for?

A

an entire lifetime

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19
Q

What do neurons require in order to function well over an entire lifetime?

A

adequate nutrients

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20
Q

Neurons are unable to divide and can not be replaces or repaired if damaged, what is this called?

A

Neurons are amitotic

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21
Q

Name the neurons that CAN be replaces

A

epithelium for the nose

regions of the hippocampus (memory)

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22
Q

Are neurons bigger than other cells?

A

yes

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23
Q

What are neurons highly specialised in?

A

conduction of impulses

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24
Q

How many axons does a neuron have?

A

1

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25
Q

Do neurons have a high or low metabolic rate?

A

HIGH

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26
Q

Due to a high metabolic rate what do neurons require continuously?

A

o2 and glucose

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27
Q

How long can a neuron survive without o2?

A

a few minutes

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28
Q

All neurons are the same shape and size, true or false?

A

False, they vary greatly in size and shape

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29
Q

Where does biosynthesis occur?

A

in neurons

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30
Q

Where are most neuron cell bodies located?

A

CNS

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31
Q

All neurons have processes that extend outwards or inwards?

A

outwards

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32
Q

What are the 2 types of processes?

A

dendrites and axons

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33
Q

The CNS contains neuron cell bodies and processes, what does the PNS contain?

A

mainly just processes

34
Q

How many branches do dendrites have?

A

multiple

35
Q

What is the function of dendrite branches?

A

act as the neurons main receptor surfaces

36
Q

Describe dendrites main characteristics

A

tapered, short in length, diffusely branched extensions
primary receptive region of neurons
large surface area for receiving signals

37
Q

How many axons do most neurons have?

A

1

38
Q

Describe axons main characteristics

A

some have short axons or even lack axons
some make up almost the entire neuron length
send out electro chemical messages

39
Q

Describe synaptic transmisson

A
  • occurs in one direction
  • carried by neurotransmitters (biochemicals)
  • synaptic vessels release a neurotransmitter when a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob
  • it diffuses across the cleft to react with certain receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane…either exciting or inhibiting a post synaptic sell
  • this depends on the combined effect of excitor and inhibitory inputs from a single or too many presynaptic neurons
40
Q

When do synaptic vessels release a neurotransmitter?

A

when a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob

41
Q

How many directions does synaptic transmission occur in?

A

1

42
Q

What is a synapse?

A

a junction between any two communicating neurons

43
Q

What is the name given to the gap between two communicating neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

44
Q

What is the function of the synaptic cleft?

A

to allow neurons to conduct intracellular communication across the gaps

45
Q

The nervous system requires impulse transmission through neuron chains that are functionally connected by synapses. Name the 3 types of synapses

A

axon dendritic
axoaxonal dendriodendritic
somotodendritic

46
Q

Define Axon Dentritic synapses

A

axon dendritic synapses are those between axon endings of one neuron + cell body of others

47
Q

Which is the most common type of synapse

A

axon denritic

48
Q

Where do axoaxonal dendriodenrtic and somotodendritic occur?

A

between axons, dendrites or between cell bodies and dendrites

49
Q

How many axon terminals do neurons have?

A

1,00-10,000

50
Q

Neurons have between 1,000 & 10,000 axon terminals with synapses being stimulated by an equivalent number of other …..

A

neurons

51
Q

In what instance can post synaptic cells be other neurons of effector cells (glands and muscle)?

A

outside the CNS

52
Q

What is a synapse between a neuron + muscle cell called?

A

neuro-muscular junction

53
Q

Describe the job of a neuron at a neuro-glandular junction

A

neurons regulate or control the activities of secretory cells

54
Q

What do you call a neuron carrying an impulse into a synapse?

A

presynaptic neuron

55
Q

What name is given to the process of an impulse crossing the synaptic cleft?

A

synaptic transmission

56
Q

What is the name of the neuron receiving the impulse?

A

post synaptic neuron

57
Q

Most neurons can function as pre and post synaptic neurons, true or false?

A

true

58
Q

Discuss the events that occur at a chemical synapse

A
  • chemical synapses allow the release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters
  • more common than electrical synapses
  • made up of two parts, the axon terminal + neurotransmitter receptor region
  • the axon terminal is a knob like structure of the presynaptic neuron
  • the axon terminal contains many synaptic vesicles, which are very small membrane-bounded sacs holding thousands of neurotransmitter molecules
  • the neurotransmitter receptor region is located on the postsynaptic neurons membrane
  • this is usually located on the cell body of a dendrite
  • the synaptic cleft is a fluid filled space that separates pre and post synaptic membranes
  • clefts are approx one-millionth of an inch in width
  • the electrical current from the presynaptic membrane dissipates in each synaptic cleft
  • Therefore chemical synapses prevent nerve impulses from being directly transmitted between neurons
  • instead they are transmitted through chemical events that are based on release, diffusion and receptor binding of neurotransmitter molecules.
  • neurons therefore have undirectional communication between them
59
Q

What do chemical synapses allow the release and reception of?

A

chemical neuro transmitters

60
Q

Which are more common, chemical or electrical synapses?

A

chemical synapses

61
Q

Chemical synapses are made up of two parts, what are they?

A
  • axon terminal

- neurotransmitter receptor region

62
Q

The axon terminal has a structure that resembles what?

A

a knob

63
Q

Where is the neurotransmitter receptor region located?

A

on the postsynaptic neurons membrane

64
Q

What does a synaptic cleft do?

A

a fluid filled space that separates pre and post synaptic membranes

65
Q

What do chemical synapses prevent?

A

chemical synapses prevent nerve impulses from being directly transmitted between neurons

66
Q

List the types of neuro transmitters

A
  • acetylcholine
  • amino acids (GABA +glutamic acid)
  • monoamines (dopamine, histamine,norepine + serotonin)
  • neuropeptides (endorphines, enkephalins +substance P)
  • gases (nitric acid)
67
Q

List the amino acids

A

GABA

glutamic acid

68
Q

List the monoamines

A
  • dopamine
  • histamine
  • norepinephrine
  • serotonin
69
Q

List the neuropeptides

A
  • endorphines
  • enkephalins
  • susstance P
70
Q

Define action potential

A

An action potential is the basis for a nerve impulse. It is based on the cell membrane reaching its threshold potential and is a brief reversal of membrane potential with a change in voltage of approx 100mv.

71
Q

How are nerve diameters classified? (3)

A
  • diameter
  • degree of myelination
  • speed of conduction
72
Q

Describe group A fibres

A
  • mostly serve the skeletal muscles, joints and skin
  • primarily somatic sensory motor fibres
  • they have the largest diameter of all types of fibres
  • thick myelin sheaths
  • fibres conduct impulses at speeds as high as 300 miles per hour
73
Q

Describe group B fibres

A
  • intermediate diameter
  • light myelination
  • conduct impulses at 20 mph
74
Q

Describe group C fibers

A
  • non-myelinated
  • smallest diameter
  • cannot create saltatory conduction
  • conduct impulses at 2mph or less
75
Q

Which group of fibers has the largest diameter?

A

group A

76
Q

Which group of fibers conduct impulses the slowest?

A

group C

77
Q

Which gorup of fibers is non-myelinated?

A

group C

78
Q

Which group of fibers conduct impulses at 20mph?

A

group B

79
Q

Which group of fibers conduct impulses at 2mph?

A

group C

80
Q

Which group of fibers conduct impulses at 300 mph?

A

Group A

A & P 1 (14 decks)

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