Chapter 4

Question 1

Projective tests

Answer 1

The person being assessed is asked to respond to each of a series of ambiguous test items. In order to respond to the item, the person must interpret it/figure out what the test item looks like or means

Question 2

Top 2 projective test types

Answer 2

Rorschach Inkblot test

Thematic apperception test

Question 3

How is the Rorschach test interpreted?

Answer 3

The subjects are shown various inkblots and asked to interpret what they think the blot is of. Then they are asked to explain why they perceive the inkblot to be that way

Question 4

How is the Thematic Apperception test interpreted? (TAT)

Answer 4

The test shows the subject various cards with scenes on them of two people. The subject then has to come up with a story for what is going on in the scene.

Question 5

Why don’t projective tests work well?

Answer 5

Inter-rate reliability (interpretive bias) The content of the projective test items commonly has nothing to do with the content of the test-taker’s day-to-day life (fake context constructed during test. not applicable to day-to-day life)

Question 6

Three personality types

Answer 6

1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic

Question 7

Oral Personality Type

Answer 7

narcissistic
fixation on taking things into and for oneself
selfish

Question 8

Anal Personality Type

Answer 8

the need to keep things clean and orderly in order to combat their desire for unclean things.
interested in holding onto things
seek to be in control and dominant

Question 9

Phallic Personality

Answer 9

for men: the need to be manly, assert manliness on others, look “big”, underlying anxiety to castration
for women: hysterical complex. flirtatious behavior to get attention but will deny sexual intent, idealize romance

Question 10

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 10

proposes that psychopathology results from individual’s efforts to gratify instincts that were fixated at an earlier stage of development

there is conflict between a drive or wish (instinct) and the ego’s sense (anxiety) that danger will ensue if the wish is expressed (discharged)

Question 11

Transference

Answer 11

a patient’s development of attitudes toward the analyst based on attitudes held by the patient toward earlier parental figure

Question 12

transference value to the psychoanalytic approach?

Answer 12

In expressing transference attitudes toward the analyst, patients duplicate in therapy their interactions with people in their lives and their past interactions with significant figures

Question 13

Adler vs. Freud

Answer 13

Adler focused more on social urges than sexual ones

Question 14

Jung vs. Freud

Answer 14

Jung reinterpreted Freud’s original views of libido and strayed from Freud’s tunnel-visioned views on sexuality being tied to personality

Question 15

Karen Horney’s three trends in dealing with anxiety

Answer 15

1. moving toward
2. moving against
3. moving away

Question 16

moving toward

Answer 16

a person attempts to deal with anxiety by an excessive interest in being accepted, needed, and approved of

Question 17

moving against

Answer 17

a person assumes that everyone is hostile and that life is a struggle against all

Question 18

moving away

Answer 18

the person shrinks away from others into neurotic detachment

Question 19

Sullivan vs. Freud

Answer 19

emotional experiences are not based in biological drives, but in relations with others

interpersonal approach, which placed greater emphasis on developmental experiences that occur after the Oedipal period (preadolescence)

Question 20

object relations theory

Answer 20

interested in how experiences with important people in the past are represented as parts or aspects of the self and then, in turn, affect one’s relationships with others in the present. Ex. childhood mistrust towards mother projected into adulthood towards others

Question 21

self-psychology

Answer 21

similar to object relations theory, but in self psychology it is thought that developmental experiences influence mental representations of oneself
(focus on narcissism)

Question 22

attachment theory

Answer 22

it is a system that motivates the infant to be close to (i.e. to seek physical proximity to) caregivers, especially when there is a threat in the environment (e.g. a young child clinging to adults for comfort and security)

Question 23

Mary Ainsworth’s attachment types

Answer 23

1. secure attachment
2. anxious-avoidant
3. anxious-ambivalent

Question 24

Secure attachment via romantic and work relationships

Answer 24

view romantic feelings as being somewhat stable but also waxing and waning, and they discount the kind of head-over-heels romantic love often depicted in movies

approach work with confidence, are relatively unburdened by fears of failure, and do not allow work to
interfere with personal relationships

Question 25

Anxious-Avoidant via romantic and work relationships

Answer 25

skeptical of the lasting quality of romantic love and felt that it was rare to find a person one can really fall in love with

very much influenced by praise and fear rejection at work and allow love concerns to interfere with work performance

Question 26

Anxious-ambivalent via romantic and work relationships

Answer 26

easy to fall in love but rare to find true love

use work to avoid social interaction and, although they do well financially, are less satisfied with their jobs than secure people

Question 27

strengths of the psychoanalytic theory

Answer 27

1. Provides for the discovery and investigation of many interesting phenomena
2. Develops techniques for research and therapy (free association, dream interpretation, transference analysis)
3. Recognizes the complexity of human behavior
4. Encompasses a broad range of phenomena

Question 28

limitations to the psychoanalytic theory

Answer 28

1. Fails to define all its concepts clearly and distinctly
2. Makes empirical testing difficult, at times impossible
3. Endorses the questionable view of the person as an energy system
4. Tolerates resistance by parts of the profession to empirical research and change in the theory