Chapter 2

Question 1

What does LOTS stand for?

Answer 1

Lots of Data!!!

Question 2

L-Data

Answer 2

consists of information that can be obtained from a person’s life history or life record (ex: school grades,
criminal history)

Question 3

O-Data

Answer 3

observer data or information provided by knowledgeable observers such as parents, friends, teachers.

Question 4

T-Data

Answer 4

test data or information obtained from experimental

procedures in which researchers measure people’s performance on tasks

Question 5

S-Data

Answer 5

self-report data that is usually gathered through questionnaires that ask the individual to rate themselves

Question 6

fixed measures

Answer 6

procedures in which exactly the same measures/items are administered to all people in a psychological study and scores for all people are computed
in exactly the same way (ex: SAT)

Question 7

flexible measures

Answer 7

procedures that do something other than give all people a common set of questions

Question 8

nomothetic

Answer 8

the search for scientific laws that apply, in a fixed manner, to everyone

Question 9

idiographic

Answer 9

Flexible assessment techniques tailored to the individual being studied

Question 10

Four targets of assessment

Answer 10

1. average behavior
2. variability in behavior
3. conscious thought
4. unconscious mental events

Question 11

Reliability

Answer 11

refers to the extent to which observations can be replicate

Question 12

How is reliability measured?

Answer 12

internal-consistency, test-retest reliability

Question 13

Validity

Answer 13

the extent to which observations actually reflect the phenomena of interest in a given study

Question 14

What are the different types of validity?

Answer 14

construct and discriminant

Question 15

Tuskegee, Milgram, and Zimbardo studies

Answer 15

they all helped establish rules of informed consent

Question 16

1981 APA principles

Answer 16

DO NO HARM, established ethical principles in research

Question 17

three general strategies of research

Answer 17

1. case studies
2. correlation studies
3. experimental research

Question 18

Case studies

Answer 18

an idiographic method, not pre-planned or hypothesized. You have to wait for an opportunity to present itself.

Question 19

Correlation studies

Answer 19

refers to a research strategy in which researchers examine the relationship among variables in a large population of people, where none of the variables is experimentally manipulated (questionnaires, surveys)
limitations: cannot draw conclusions about casuality, the reliance of self-reporting, provide superficial information

Question 20

Experimental Research

Answer 20

limitations: ecological validity, creates artificial settings