Chapter 12

Question 1

Social Cognitive Theory vs. Older Theories

Answer 1

place greater emphasis on conscious self-reflection and believe that critical developmental processes occur throughout the life course

Question 2

Albert Bandura

Answer 2

“Principles of Behavior Modification” directed therapists’ attention to thinking processes of their clients, rather than to environmental factors and conditioning

Question 3

Walter Mischel

Answer 3

“Personality Assessment” called for study of people and the contexts they live in, as well as the processes through which people make sense of, or assign meaning to, daily events

Question 4

3 unique psychological qualities of people

Answer 4

1. People reason about the world using language
2. People contemplate not only present circumstances, but also past and hypothetical future events
3. People reflect on themselves

Question 5

The 4 structural concepts that are noteworthy in social-cognitive theory

Answer 5

1. Competencies and skills
2. Expectancies and beliefs
3. Behavioral standards
4. Personal goals

Question 6

competencies (skills)

Answer 6

skills in solving problems and coping with the challenges of life

Question 7

procedural knowledge

Answer 7

cognitive and behavioral capacities that a person may have without being able to describe what it is they are doing

Question 8

declarative knowledge

Answer 8

knowledge that we can state in words

Question 9

The 2 implications of competencies

Answer 9

1. Context specificity

2. Psychological change

Question 10

Self-Efficacy

Answer 10

people’s expectations about their own capabilities for performance are the key ingredient in human achievement and well-being

Question 11

reciprocal determinism

Answer 11

behavior, personality characteristics, and the environment are each a cause of one another (they are reciprocal determinants)

Question 12

vicarious conditioning

Answer 12

when the person learns behaviors because of the reactions of others around them (indirect)

Question 13

How do people self-regulate?

Answer 13

GOALS!!! REWARDS!

Question 14

Delay of gratification

Answer 14

when cases of self-control involve putting off something good in the present in order to attain something better in the future

Question 15

Sunday neurosis

Answer 15

the kind of depression which afflicts people who become aware of the lack of content in their lives when the rush of the busy week is over and the void within themselves becomes manifest

Question 16

logotherapy

Answer 16

focuses on the meaning of one’s life, future purpose.

Question 17

primary motivational force

Answer 17

main purpose of life is to find meaning

Question 18

noogenic neurosis

Answer 18

forms of mental illness rooted in a basic lack of meaning in one’s life. (repetitive existential frustration)

Question 19

paradoxical intention

Answer 19

changing one’s meaningful orientation to the situation by actually INVITING IT – with a SENSE OF HUMOR that helps provide a distance from the situation.