Chapter 4 Flashcards
race
implies common descent of heredity
ethnicity
cultural characteristics like rituals, work ethic, social mores, and values
genetic makeup
more genetic variation occurring within so-called racial groups than between them: only 0.1% of all human genes are responsible for individual differences like physical appearance and disease risk; genetic makeup of all human beings is a subset of Africa’s gene pool
human differences
human differences in behavior is better explained through social learning than inherent genetic or biophysical differences, so racial differences are learned from the family, not inherited
Why was the concept of race established?
original racial classification system instituted by English colonists to ensure that the demand for agricultural labor was met as transatlantic entrepreneurial markets emerged
racism
the ongoing, multidimensional, and dynamic process inherent to the development and maintenance of an institutionalized, hierarchical racial classification system
racial worldview
defining cultural characteristic in that individuals and groups perceive and understand each other through this socially constructed prism that will be transmitted to future generations
individual racism
personal attitudes and beliefs in White superiority and the inferiority of people of color, with physical differences among individuals used as an explanation of social, moral, and intellectual behavior (ex. racial slurs and stereotyping)
institutional racism
differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society by race
structural racism
emphasizes that the oppression of racial and ethnic groups, originating with the social construction of race and racial classification systems, is organized by institutional, cultural, and social structures that create and maintain racism
internalized racism
cultural racism, refers to members of marginalized groups believing and accepting, knowingly or unknowingly, negative social messages about their own racial and ethnic groups
cultural racism
the belief that cultural values and practices of individuals of White, European descent are superior to those of other racial groups
cognitive cost of racism
cognitive-mental energy and psychological processes (assessing, reflecting, questioning, interpreting) used to evaluate life incidents and experiences where racism is potentially involved, chronic anxiety, lowered self-esteem, outlook (hope), and motivation
affective cost of racism
frustration, irritation, hostility, anger, depression, hypervigilance, psychological stress, disappointment, taking on of parents’ resonance
interpersonal cost of racism
physical and functional segregation presents a social, even physical barriers to the establishment of meaningful relationships, “fixed” in a social system of racial oppression
physical cost of racism
hypertension, chronic fatigue, delivery of low-birth-weight preterm infants, physical violence, less likely to receive equitable healthcare
white privilege
the unconscious and unearned benefits of being White
white supremacy
belief in the superiority of Whites, and that it justifies disproportionate access to social and economic resources
cognitive cost of being White
lack of accurate awareness as a racial being, White guilt
affective cost of being White
fear, irrational sense of danger or safety around people of color, fear of losing privileges, anger, apathy, denial, low self-esteem, color consciousness
color consciousness
being intentionally cognizant of racial issues and potentially overemphasizing the role race and racism plays in the client’s problems
denial
key defense mechanism of Whites that helps maintain White privilege and alleviate dissonance and emotional discomfort
color-blind racial attitudes
distortion/minimization of race and racism
myth of meritocracy
notion that all individuals, regardless of racial makeup, can succeed if they “work hard”
reverse discrimination
deflecting one’s role in perpetuating racism by focusing on times when you yourself were discriminated against by people of color
projection
preoccupation of racism in others or the intellectualization of the problem
5 psychological dispositions of White racism
affective-impulsive disposition rational disposition liberal disposition principled disposition principled activist disposition
affective-impulsive disposition
limited, stereotypical thinking about non-Whites, deny existence of racism
rational disposition
somewhat aware of racism but engage in either-or thinking about race relations wherein they operate in superficial tolerance of people of color
liberal disposition
greater understanding of racism and other forms of social injustice, including insight into others’ perspectives and experiences
principled disposition
knowledgeable about how White privilege in one’s personal/professional life influences racism, able to cite specific examples, note gaps or flaws in ways multicultural issues are addressed
principled activist disposition
less than 1% of White sample, understanding of racism along with hopeful and active to create sociopolitical change
barriers to creating self-awareness
cultural tunnel vision or ethnocentrism
victim blaming
limitations of consciousness raising
race-based stereotyping
addressing racism in counseling
assess client’s racial identity
explore client problems for race-related stress
investigate intersections of trauma and other forms of oppression with race-related stress
move client through race-related guilt
addressing racism in school and community
cultivate client resources
assess degree and existing forms of racism
develop new resources
