Chapter 4

Question 1

race

Answer 1

implies common descent of heredity

Question 2

ethnicity

Answer 2

cultural characteristics like rituals, work ethic, social mores, and values

Question 3

genetic makeup

Answer 3

more genetic variation occurring within so-called racial groups than between them: only 0.1% of all human genes are responsible for individual differences like physical appearance and disease risk; genetic makeup of all human beings is a subset of Africa’s gene pool

Question 4

human differences

Answer 4

human differences in behavior is better explained through social learning than inherent genetic or biophysical differences, so racial differences are learned from the family, not inherited

Question 5

Why was the concept of race established?

Answer 5

original racial classification system instituted by English colonists to ensure that the demand for agricultural labor was met as transatlantic entrepreneurial markets emerged

Question 6

racism

Answer 6

the ongoing, multidimensional, and dynamic process inherent to the development and maintenance of an institutionalized, hierarchical racial classification system

Question 7

racial worldview

Answer 7

defining cultural characteristic in that individuals and groups perceive and understand each other through this socially constructed prism that will be transmitted to future generations

Question 8

individual racism

Answer 8

personal attitudes and beliefs in White superiority and the inferiority of people of color, with physical differences among individuals used as an explanation of social, moral, and intellectual behavior (ex. racial slurs and stereotyping)

Question 9

institutional racism

Answer 9

differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society by race

Question 10

structural racism

Answer 10

emphasizes that the oppression of racial and ethnic groups, originating with the social construction of race and racial classification systems, is organized by institutional, cultural, and social structures that create and maintain racism

Question 11

internalized racism

Answer 11

cultural racism, refers to members of marginalized groups believing and accepting, knowingly or unknowingly, negative social messages about their own racial and ethnic groups

Question 12

cultural racism

Answer 12

the belief that cultural values and practices of individuals of White, European descent are superior to those of other racial groups

Question 13

cognitive cost of racism

Answer 13

cognitive-mental energy and psychological processes (assessing, reflecting, questioning, interpreting) used to evaluate life incidents and experiences where racism is potentially involved, chronic anxiety, lowered self-esteem, outlook (hope), and motivation

Question 14

affective cost of racism

Answer 14

frustration, irritation, hostility, anger, depression, hypervigilance, psychological stress, disappointment, taking on of parents’ resonance

Question 15

interpersonal cost of racism

Answer 15

physical and functional segregation presents a social, even physical barriers to the establishment of meaningful relationships, “fixed” in a social system of racial oppression

Question 16

physical cost of racism

Answer 16

hypertension, chronic fatigue, delivery of low-birth-weight preterm infants, physical violence, less likely to receive equitable healthcare

Question 17

white privilege

Answer 17

the unconscious and unearned benefits of being White

Question 18

white supremacy

Answer 18

belief in the superiority of Whites, and that it justifies disproportionate access to social and economic resources

Question 19

cognitive cost of being White

Answer 19

lack of accurate awareness as a racial being, White guilt

Question 20

affective cost of being White

Answer 20

fear, irrational sense of danger or safety around people of color, fear of losing privileges, anger, apathy, denial, low self-esteem, color consciousness

Question 21

color consciousness

Answer 21

being intentionally cognizant of racial issues and potentially overemphasizing the role race and racism plays in the client’s problems

Question 22

denial

Answer 22

key defense mechanism of Whites that helps maintain White privilege and alleviate dissonance and emotional discomfort

Question 23

color-blind racial attitudes

Answer 23

distortion/minimization of race and racism

Question 24

myth of meritocracy

Answer 24

notion that all individuals, regardless of racial makeup, can succeed if they “work hard”

Question 25

reverse discrimination

Answer 25

deflecting one’s role in perpetuating racism by focusing on times when you yourself were discriminated against by people of color

Question 26

projection

Answer 26

preoccupation of racism in others or the intellectualization of the problem

Question 27

5 psychological dispositions of White racism

Answer 27

affective-impulsive disposition
rational disposition
liberal disposition
principled disposition
principled activist disposition

Question 28

affective-impulsive disposition

Answer 28

limited, stereotypical thinking about non-Whites, deny existence of racism

Question 29

rational disposition

Answer 29

somewhat aware of racism but engage in either-or thinking about race relations wherein they operate in superficial tolerance of people of color

Question 30

liberal disposition

Answer 30

greater understanding of racism and other forms of social injustice, including insight into others’ perspectives and experiences

Question 31

principled disposition

Answer 31

knowledgeable about how White privilege in one’s personal/professional life influences racism, able to cite specific examples, note gaps or flaws in ways multicultural issues are addressed

Question 32

principled activist disposition

Answer 32

less than 1% of White sample, understanding of racism along with hopeful and active to create sociopolitical change

Question 33

barriers to creating self-awareness

Answer 33

cultural tunnel vision or ethnocentrism
victim blaming
limitations of consciousness raising
race-based stereotyping

Question 34

addressing racism in counseling

Answer 34

assess client’s racial identity
explore client problems for race-related stress
investigate intersections of trauma and other forms of oppression with race-related stress
move client through race-related guilt

Question 35

addressing racism in school and community

Answer 35

cultivate client resources
assess degree and existing forms of racism
develop new resources