Chapter 1 Flashcards
Culture
Totality of human experience for social contexts
Cultural Identity
Degree to which people identify belonging to cultural subgroups or categories
Universal culture
Commonalities shared by all cultures of humankind (language, social norms, physiological responses & functions)
Group culture
Characteristics shares by a particular group
Individual culture
Behaviors, attitudes, and cognition a unique to a single person
Cultural encapsulation
Narrow, rigid view of the world using one’s own culture groups as the reference
Ethnocentrism
Evaluating other cultures based upon one’s own culture as the norm
Individualism
Behaviors & attitudes guided by incentives of self-determination and independence
Collectivism
Decisions and values based on what is best for others
Race
Arbitrary socially constructed classification of people based on physical distinctions
Nationality
A person’s nation of origin
Ethnicity
Shared characteristics of culture, religion, language
Generational status
Clusters of particular age groups within a particular social & historical context
Gender
Expression of social categories based around sex
Gender roles
Behaviors deemed appropriate by a particular culture for males and females
Androgyny
Blending of masculine and feminine
Sexual orientation
Sexual/affectional attraction to a particular gender (or both)
Sexual identity
Degree of identification with a particular sexual orientation
Socioeconomic status
Determined by social, educational, and financial resources available
Disability
Mental or physical impairment affecting a person’s daily activities
Spirituality
Connection with oneself and/or the universe as a whole
Religion
Behaviors and practices of a particular faith
Advocacy
Promoting an idea, policy, or cause to better the lives of people with less power, access, advantage, or social status
Privilege
Unconscious/unearned power, access to resources, advantage, and social position
Oppression
Lack of power, in accessibility, disadvantage, and minority social status
Worldview
A person’s conceptualization of his/her relationship with the world
Locus of responsibility
A person’s perception of his or her own Accountability (internal or external)
Ableism
discrimination against those with disabilities, such as assuming a person with a physical disability is also mentally impaired
Locus of control
the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment (internal or external)
Human nature
the degree to which an individual believes humans are basically good, bad, or a combo of both
Relationship to nature
how an individual views nature (harmony, power over, or power of nature)
Sense of time
aspect of time an individual focuses on (past, present, or future)
Activity
how self-expression occurs for an individual (BEING with internal self-focus, BEING-IN-BECOMING with goal orientation, or DOING externally generated work)
Social relationships
degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture (lineal-hierarchical, collateral-mutual, or individualistic)
Communication
verbal (w/ use of metaphors to connect with other cultures) and nonverbal (including proxemics, kinesics, and paralanguage)
Self-reflective process
the counselor evaluates how s/he inadvertently communicates personal biases, values, and assumptions to a client
Prejudice
prematurely holding a belief or attitude w/out appropriate examination or consideration of actual data (as opposed to discrimination, which is an action)
Discrimination
covert and overt behaviors based on generalizations held about individuals based on cultural group memberships
Immigration
process in which foreign-born individuals settle in a new country
Acculturation
degree to which immigrants identify with and conform to a new culture of a host society or integrate new cultural values into their current value system
biculturalism
process in which individuals identify both with their own culture and the host culture
Multicultural Counseling Competence (MCC)
- Counselor awareness of own cultural values & biases
- Counselor awareness of client’s worldview
- Culturally appropriate intervention strategies
Systems approach to multicultural counseling
Individual, family, community, historical influences considered
etic
focuses on universal qualities common to all cultures
emic
focuses on divergent attitudes, values, and behaviors of specific cultures
with-group vs. between-group differences
there are more within-group than between-group differences
