Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cultural identity
formal & informal connections that lead to knowledge about one’s culture and acceptance of one’s culture
culture
shared values, beliefs, expectations, worldviews, symbols, and appropriate learned behaviors of a group that provide its members w/ norms, plans, traditions, and rules for social living
race
powerful political and socioeconomic construct based on artificial categories of physical appearance
racial identity development
the social lived story of someone identifying with a particular race, addressing emic and etic dimensions
ethnicity
group classification with shared origin, social and cultural heritage, language, values, or religious beliefs
ethnic identity development
complex process in which individuals negotiate degree that particular ethnicities belong to them
orthogonal cultural identity
recognizes multiplicity of coexisting identities in any given individual
enculturation
socialization process through which individuals learn and acquire cultural and psychological qualities of their own group
acculturation
changes in behavior, cognitions, values, language, cultural activities, personal relational styles, and beliefs as their minority group comes into contact w/ the dominant culture
cultural identity development
process of making one’s cultural group membership salient
worldview
influences how one interprets and interacts with the surrounding environment
Cross’s Nigrescence Model
psychology of becoming black: Stage 1-Preencounter Stage 2-Encounter Stage 3-Immersion-Emersion Stage 4-Internalization Stage 5-Internalization-Commitment
Helms’s People of Color Identity Model
ego statuses of people of color Conformity status Dissonance status Immersion/Emersion status Internalization status Integrative Awareness status
Helms’s White Identity Model
ego statuses of white people Contact status Disintegration status Reintegration status Pseudo-Independence status Immersion/Emersion status Autonomy status
racial interaction theory
the interaction effects of expressed racial identity development strata between client and counselor, and the effects of those interactions on therapeutic change
parallel interactions
emphasize congruent race-based communication denying or avoiding tension, thereby obtaining harmony due to shared ego statuses
regressive interactions
differentiated social statuses of therapist and client such that the higher social power person has a less complex ego status
progressive interactions
differentiated social statuses of therapist and client such that the the higher social power person has a more cognitively complex ego status
Ponterotto’s model of cultural identity development
for white counseling students:
Preexposure-comfort w/ status quo
Exposure-becoming aware of racism & other diversity issues
Zealot-Defensive-becoming prominority and anti-white
Integration-balanced perspective achieved
Phinney’s model of ethnic identity
1-Unexamined/diffused ethnic identity-person takes on significant caregiver’s identity w/out exploring
2-Moratorium-person explores identity and differentiation of culture of origin
3-Acceptance-person accepts identity in healthy way that allows for appreciation of multiculturalism
Biracial identity development
Poston’s 5 stage model
1-Personal Identity-ignorance of biracial identity
2-Choice Group Categorization-identifying with a single race
3-Enmeshment/Denial-feelings of guilt, disloyalty, and self-hatred as a result of choice group categorization
4-Appreciation-multiple heritages explored
5-Integration-sense of wholeness
Key model of gender identity
types of gender identity attitudes for white males
Noncontact-little awareness of diversity
Claustrophobic-blames others who are different
Conscious-reevaluates belief system due to dissonance resulting from a precipitating event
Empirical-recognizes implications of isms, awareness of unearned power and privilege
Optimal-understands diversity & enjoys interacting w/ others in a holistic way, eliminates oppression
Downing & Roush’s model of feminist identity
Passive Acceptance stage Revelation stage Embeddedness-Emanation Synthesis Active Commitment
Hoffman’s model of feminist identity
Unexamined Female Identity
Crisis
Moratorium/Exploration
Achieved Female Identity
Models of sexual identity
Cass, Troiden, McCarn & Fassinger, Weinbert et al.
Include awareness, identity comparison/confusion, exploration of feelings, identity tolerance/assumption/acceptance, positive identity dev./pride
Models of spiritual development
Fowler, Park, Poll
Include awareness, noncritical evaluation, critical evaluation, appreciation, and transcending to a strong personal conviction and an integration with all aspects of one’s life
