Chapter 2

Question 1

Cultural identity

Answer 1

formal & informal connections that lead to knowledge about one’s culture and acceptance of one’s culture

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

shared values, beliefs, expectations, worldviews, symbols, and appropriate learned behaviors of a group that provide its members w/ norms, plans, traditions, and rules for social living

Question 3

race

Answer 3

powerful political and socioeconomic construct based on artificial categories of physical appearance

Question 4

racial identity development

Answer 4

the social lived story of someone identifying with a particular race, addressing emic and etic dimensions

Question 5

ethnicity

Answer 5

group classification with shared origin, social and cultural heritage, language, values, or religious beliefs

Question 6

ethnic identity development

Answer 6

complex process in which individuals negotiate degree that particular ethnicities belong to them

Question 7

orthogonal cultural identity

Answer 7

recognizes multiplicity of coexisting identities in any given individual

Question 8

enculturation

Answer 8

socialization process through which individuals learn and acquire cultural and psychological qualities of their own group

Question 9

acculturation

Answer 9

changes in behavior, cognitions, values, language, cultural activities, personal relational styles, and beliefs as their minority group comes into contact w/ the dominant culture

Question 10

cultural identity development

Answer 10

process of making one’s cultural group membership salient

Question 11

worldview

Answer 11

influences how one interprets and interacts with the surrounding environment

Question 12

Cross’s Nigrescence Model

Answer 12

psychology of becoming black:
Stage 1-Preencounter
Stage 2-Encounter
Stage 3-Immersion-Emersion
Stage 4-Internalization
Stage 5-Internalization-Commitment

Question 13

Helms’s People of Color Identity Model

Answer 13

ego statuses of people of color
Conformity status
Dissonance status
Immersion/Emersion status
Internalization status
Integrative Awareness status

Question 14

Helms’s White Identity Model

Answer 14

ego statuses of white people
Contact status
Disintegration status
Reintegration status
Pseudo-Independence status
Immersion/Emersion status
Autonomy status

Question 15

racial interaction theory

Answer 15

the interaction effects of expressed racial identity development strata between client and counselor, and the effects of those interactions on therapeutic change

Question 16

parallel interactions

Answer 16

emphasize congruent race-based communication denying or avoiding tension, thereby obtaining harmony due to shared ego statuses

Question 17

regressive interactions

Answer 17

differentiated social statuses of therapist and client such that the higher social power person has a less complex ego status

Question 18

progressive interactions

Answer 18

differentiated social statuses of therapist and client such that the the higher social power person has a more cognitively complex ego status

Question 19

Ponterotto’s model of cultural identity development

Answer 19

for white counseling students:
Preexposure-comfort w/ status quo
Exposure-becoming aware of racism & other diversity issues
Zealot-Defensive-becoming prominority and anti-white
Integration-balanced perspective achieved

Question 20

Phinney’s model of ethnic identity

Answer 20

1-Unexamined/diffused ethnic identity-person takes on significant caregiver’s identity w/out exploring
2-Moratorium-person explores identity and differentiation of culture of origin
3-Acceptance-person accepts identity in healthy way that allows for appreciation of multiculturalism

Question 21

Biracial identity development

Answer 21

Poston’s 5 stage model
1-Personal Identity-ignorance of biracial identity
2-Choice Group Categorization-identifying with a single race
3-Enmeshment/Denial-feelings of guilt, disloyalty, and self-hatred as a result of choice group categorization
4-Appreciation-multiple heritages explored
5-Integration-sense of wholeness

Question 22

Key model of gender identity

Answer 22

types of gender identity attitudes for white males
Noncontact-little awareness of diversity
Claustrophobic-blames others who are different
Conscious-reevaluates belief system due to dissonance resulting from a precipitating event
Empirical-recognizes implications of isms, awareness of unearned power and privilege
Optimal-understands diversity & enjoys interacting w/ others in a holistic way, eliminates oppression

Question 23

Downing & Roush’s model of feminist identity

Answer 23

Passive Acceptance stage
Revelation stage
Embeddedness-Emanation
Synthesis
Active Commitment

Question 24

Hoffman’s model of feminist identity

Answer 24

Unexamined Female Identity
Crisis
Moratorium/Exploration
Achieved Female Identity

Question 25

Models of sexual identity

Answer 25

Cass, Troiden, McCarn & Fassinger, Weinbert et al.
Include awareness, identity comparison/confusion, exploration of feelings, identity tolerance/assumption/acceptance, positive identity dev./pride

Question 26

Models of spiritual development

Answer 26

Fowler, Park, Poll
Include awareness, noncritical evaluation, critical evaluation, appreciation, and transcending to a strong personal conviction and an integration with all aspects of one’s life