Chapter 4 Flashcards
Essentialism
the idea that gender differences in behaviour stem from qualities that are resident in or possessed by women and men
Overt Aggression
physically hurts or threatens another person
Relational Aggression
hurts or threatens another person by damaging his or her relationships
sometimes called indirect or social aggression
Gender differences in physical vs. verbal aggression
larger for physical than verbal
Gender differences in overt vs. relational aggression
males are more likely than females to display overt
females are more likely than males to display relational
Gender differences in spontaneous vs. provoked aggression
males are more likely than females to be spontaneously
females and males are equally likely to be aggressive when provoked through insults or other means
Gender differences in the impact of norms and expectations
gender diffs are largest for behaviours and situations in which the norms with respect to aggression are most different for males and females
Gender differences and similarities in influenceability
small tendency for women to be more influenced than men but this is liked to particular situations and explained by differences in expertise, status, or norms for masculinity and femininity
men resist influence from women more than women do suggesting that the relative status of this would be influencer is important
Gender differences and similarities in dominance
males tend to show stronger orientation to social dominance than women do and experience more concern with dominance than females do
men are more likely to emerge as leaders in mixed-sex groups
may be explained by our learned tendency to ascribe more status to men
Gender differences and similarities in nurturance
Females appearing more nurturant is most likely to be found in situations in which participants know they are being observed and is more likely to appear among persons who are strongly socialized toward masculine or feminine roles
Gender differences and similarities in empathy
Females appearing more empathic is most likely to be found in situations in which participants know they are being observed and is more likely to appear among persons who are strongly socialized toward masculine or feminine roles
Gender differences and similarities in altruism
No overall tendency for either se to be more helpful to others
Both sexes tend to be more helpful in situations in which helping is seen as gender-role appropriate
Gender differences due to role expectations
when researchers bring participants into the lab, they do their best to remove different role expectations for women and men but in the outside world gendered role expectations often have a strong presence and affect behaviour
Gender differences due to status
men are ascribed higher status than women as a general rule
when researchers bring participants into the lab, they do their best to minimize these status differences but in the outside world the status differences may contribute in important ways to gender differences
Gender differences due to which behaviours are studied
Narrow or broader definitions of qualities such as aggression or nurturance may produce different results
