Chapter 13

Question 1

Glass ceiling

Answer 1

Women entering male-dominated professions and leadership positions regularly encounter this
It is a barrier that keeps people from rising past a certain point - but a barrier that is transparent and therefore virtually invisible until the person crashes into it

Question 2

Glass escalator

Answer 2

a systematic set of hidden advantages for men in female-dominated occupations

Question 3

Equal pay for equal work

Answer 3

women and men should be paid the same wage for the same work. Supported by legislation but has yet to become reality for all women and men throughout the labor force. ex. a male cashier and a female cashier should receive equal pay

Question 4

Comparable worth

Answer 4

equal pay for work of equal value. ex. a male shelving clerk and a female cashier in the same store should have equal pay

Question 5

Heilman’s lack of fit model

Answer 5

Postulates that a major factor in personnel decisions is the expectation of how successful an individual will be in a particular job
If male qualities are thought to be necessary qualifications for a successful manager than women will not be expected to have these qualifications

Question 6

Heilman’s organizational conditions that pave the way for biases to depress the evaluation of women’s performance

Answer 6

1. Ambiguity in evaluation criteria
2. Lack of structure in the evaluation process
3. Ambiguity about the source of successful performance
4. Ambiguity about the reason for successful upward mobility

Question 7

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 7

The person is motivated to behave in a manner consistent with their stereotype

Question 8

Denial of personal discrimination

Answer 8

Women tend to underrate the amount of sex discrimination that is visited on them personally
Women adopt cognitive strategies that protect them from feeling deprived, using reference groups similar to themselves rather than facing the incongruity associated with comparisons to more privileged groups

Question 9

token positions

Answer 9

• positions in which you are treated as a symbol or representative of your sex
• extremely minority members are tokens or symbols of their group
• are not seen as individuals or able to affect group culture
• seen as a women rather than as a worker
• people in these positions may suffer from the stress of being under constant observation and this can impair performance

Question 10

Quid pro quo

Answer 10

an individual is pressured to submit to unwelcome sexual advances or other unwelcome asexual conduct as a condition of employment, or employment decisions that affect the individual are based on her or his submission to or rejection of such conduct

Question 11

hostile environment

Answer 11

making unwelcome sexual advances or engaging in other conduct of a sexual nature that unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive atmosphere

Question 12

3 explanations for the widespread existence of sexual harassment

Answer 12

1. natural social-sexual attraction
2. the hierarchical way organizations are structured
3. they way society stratifies power and status between women and men

Question 13

hostile sexism

Answer 13

dominance-oriented paternalism, the notion that women are inferior, and hostile, dominance- oriented heterosexuality

Question 14

benevolent sexism

Answer 14

protective paternalism, the notion that women and men are different and complementary, and heterosexual intimacy motives

Question 15

Observers are more likely to label an unwanted sexual behaviour sexual harassment when (3)

Answer 15

1. the behaviour seems out of role and surprising
2. it is performed consistently bu the same person
3. it occurs with more than one target person

Question 16

Factors that influence the division of labour along gender lines

Answer 16

1. discrimination - pay women less, evaluate women’s work performance less highly, and give preference to men when hiring
2. the assignment of most homemaking and child-care tasks to women even in dual-career families
3. sexuality in male-female relationships - sexual liaisons between people at work can sometimes create problems