Chapter 14

Question 1

Gender differences in entitlement

Answer 1

Women feel less entitled than men do to rewards for the same work. This may be due to:

• a historical pattern of wage and other forms of discrimination against women has led women to feel less deserving of rewards for their work
• gendered socialization practices have emphasized interpersonal relationships more for girls than boys, leading women to place less importance on their own or others individual competence and more on maintaining interpersonal relationships
• a rationalization of the ideology of male dominance and superiority

Question 2

Affirmative action

Answer 2

a set of strategies to increase the proportion of women and minorities hired by organizations or admitted into universities, particularly in fields from which they have traditionally been excluded

Question 3

Denial of personal discrimination

Answer 3

the perception by individual women that they themselves are being treated fairly, even though they may acknowledge the existence of discrimination against women as a group

Question 4

Personal relative deprivation

Answer 4

a sense of dissatisfaction stemming from a comparison with others who are being more highly rewarded

Question 5

collective relative deprivation

Answer 5

a feeling of dissatisfaction due to perceived inequities between one’s own and a more advantaged group

Question 6

Gender differences in rights vs. care orientation

Answer 6

Men tend to place more emphasis on rights and women more on care

Question 7

Gender differences in moral reasoning

Answer 7

• Freud, Piaget, and Kohlberg proposed that women tend to be less advanced than men in their capacity for moral reasoning
• Gillian challenged this by demonstrating that earlier theories may have been too focused on rights-based moral reasoning and thus overlooked an entire dimension of moral reasoning: care-based reasoning
• No consistent large differences found in moral development