Chapter 1

Question 1

Sex stereotypes

Answer 1

• Socially shared beliefs about what qualities can be assigned to individuals based on their membership in the female or male half of the human race. Many of the stereotypes are based on the notion of opposites.
• Are descriptive and prescriptive in that they describe what women and men are like and say what they should be like
• Examples:
  Women - affectionate, emotional, flirty, gentle, high-strung
  Men - adventurous, confident, forceful, rational, strong

Question 2

Sex vs Gender

Answer 2

Sex = a persons biological maleness or femaleness
Gender= non-physiological aspects of being female or male; the cultural expectations for femininity and masculinity

Question 3

Recent changes in gender stereotypes

Answer 3

women’s attribution of masculine qualities to themselves increased over time, the perception of women as having feminine qualities increased over time, women’s and men’s roles were seen as converging, mainly because women were perceived as taking on more masculine qualities over time

Question 4

Gender-intensified prescriptions

Answer 4

traits that are seen as desirable for everyone but especially desirable for people of a certain gender
Ex. Women = Friendly/Kind; Men =Dependable/Leadership

Question 5

Gender-relaxed prescriptions

Answer 5

traits that are considered desirable but in which persons of one gender are allowed more leeway and forgiven more easily for falling short than are persons of the other gender
Ex. Women = Intelligent; Men = Friendly/Kind

Question 6

Gender- relaxed proscriptions

Answer 6

traits that are not considered socially desirable but that are accorded more desirability for one gender than the other
Ex. Women = Shy/Emotional; Men = Stubborn

Question 7

Gender-intensified proscriptions

Answer 7

traits that are considered undesirable in general and especially for one gender or the other
Ex. Women = Stubborn; Men = Emotional/Shy

Question 8

Instrumentality vs. Expressiveness Themes in Stereotyping

Answer 8

Instrumentality - characterizes the masculine stereotype; an orientation toward action, accomplishment, and leadership
Expressiveness - attributes of the feminine stereotype; an orientation towards emotion and relationships

Question 9

4 components of gender stereotypes

Answer 9

Traits, role behaviours, occupations, and physical appearance

Question 10

Sexism

Answer 10

prejudice based on one’s sexual category. When someone is judged harshly, not taken seriously, or deprived of opportunity due to their sex

Question 11

Hostile sexism

Answer 11

When directed against women - includes dominance-oriented paternalism, derogatory beliefs about women, and heterosexuality hostility
When directed against men - includes resentment of paternalism, derogatory beliefs about men, andheterosexual hostility

Question 12

Benevolent sexism

Answer 12

When directed against women - includes protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations
When directed against men - includes maternalism, idealization of men, and desire for intimate relations

Question 13

Neosexism

Answer 13

Modern sexism
more subtle and is characterized by a denial that women are still targets of discrimination, by antagonism toward women’s demands, and by a lack of support for policies designed to improve women’s status

Question 14

Diversity mindfulness

Answer 14

mindset that includes openness to differences among people, the appreciation of and receptiveness to varied perspectives, and respect for others

Question 15

2 processes of stereotyping

Answer 15

1. Information processing
   - schemas shape info processing
   - one will tend to notice and remember the qualities of a person if they are part of the schema
   - some people might make an effort not to apply the stereotype if you do not want to make stereotypes judgments
2. Self-fulfilling Prophecy
   - when u meet a new person you treat them in a way that elicits the expected behaviour from that person

Question 16

Stereotype threat

Answer 16

an individual’s awareness that he or she may be judged by or may fulfill negative stereotypes about ones gender or ethnic group, can have a neg affect on performance

Question 17

Androgyny

Answer 17

having both masculine and feminine qualities
does not see femininity and masculinity as opposites but as separate, independent dimensions that can obtain a score that is both highly feminine and highly masculine

Question 18

Women are wonderful effect

Answer 18

based on the finding that both men and women evaluate women more favorably than men

Question 19

Schemas

Answer 19

tend to perpetuate stereotypes

allow for more efficient handling of large amounts of information

Question 20

A healthy or effective person is (4)

Answer 20

nurturant, able, self-assured, self-aware