chapter 4 Flashcards
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
primary prevention - forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period
(vaccines, hygeine, PPE, seatbelts, helmets)
secondary prevention - early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe.
(health screenings)
tertiary prevention - aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate.
(physical therapy, occupational therapy)
primary prevention of communicable diseases
individuals: hand washing, condoms, properly cooking food
communities: chlorinating water supply, inspecting restaurants, immunization programs for citizens, vector control, solid waste diposal
secondary prevention of communicable diseases
individual: self diagnosis, self treatment with OTC drugs, antibiotics prescribed by physician
community: controlling or limiting extent of an epidemic. (carefully maintaining records; inveestigating cases)
tertiary prevention of communicable diseases
individual: recovering to full health after infections; return to normal activites
community: preventing recurrence of epidemics; removal, embalming, burial of dead, reapplication of primary and secondary measures
primary prevention for NONcommunicable diseases
individual: education and knowledge about health and disease prevention, eating properly, adequate exercise, driving safely, yearly medical screenings.
community: adequate food and energy supplies, efficient community services, opportunities for education, employment, housing
secondary prevention for NONcommunicable diseases
individual: personal screenings, pursuit of diagnosis and prompt treatment
community: provision of mass screenings for chronic diseases, case-finding measures, provision of adequate health personnel equipment and facilities
tertiary prevention for NONcommunicable diseases
individual: significant behavioral or lifestyle changes
community: adequate emergency personnel and services: hospitals, surgeons, nurses, ambulatory services
communicable diseases
diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
noncommunicable diseases
diseases that cannot be transmitted from person to person
acute
disease in which peak severity of symptoms occur and subsides within 3 months
chronic
disease or condition in which symptons continue longer than 3 months
what are the 3 causative agents?
- biological (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa)
- chemical (air pollution, pharmacology drugs, pesticides, poison)
- physical (x-rays, noise, light, speeding objects)
infectivity
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
agent
cause of diseases or health problem
host
susceptible person or organism invaded by an infections agent.
enviornment
factors that inhibit/promote disease transmission
pathogenicity
capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
zoonoses
diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations (ebola and salmonella)
anthroponoses
diseases for which humans are the only known reservoir (ex: rubella, smallpox, diphtheria, ringworm, gonorrhea)
direct transmission
immediate transfer of disease agent between infected and susceptible individuals (touching, biting, kissing, copulation)
indirect transmission
transmission involving an intermediate step (airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne, biological)
airborne transmission
occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze
vehicles
nonliving objects by which agents are transferred to susceptible host
vectorborne transmission
transfer of an agent to a susceptible host by animate means such as mosquitoes, fleas, rats, and ticks
vehicleborne transmission
contaminated materials or objects
what is the nation’s leading cause of death?
noncommunicable disease - heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes
risk factors
modifiable: smoking, alcohol, drug, physical inacvitiy, diet, sleep, stress, enviornment
unmodifiable: genetics, age, gender, race/ethnicity
criteria used to judge importance of disease to a community
- number of people who will die from a disease
- number of YPLL
- economic costs associated with disease
prevention
planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of disease or health problem
intervention
effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event
control
containment of a disease; prevention and intervention measures
eradication
total elimination of disease from human population (ex: smallpox)
isolation
separation of infected individuals from those who are susceptible
quaratine
limitation of freedom of movement of those who have been exposed to a disease and may be incubating it
disinfection
killing of communicable disease agents outside the host (countertops, door handles)
what are the rings of the chain of infection model?
- pathogen (antibiotics)
- human resevoir (quaratine)
- portal of exit (masks)
- transmission (hand washing)
- portal of entry (masks)
- establishment of disease in new host (immunizations)
innermost circle of the multicausation model
your genetic endowment
second circle of the multicausation model
your personality, beliefs, and behavioral choices
the outermost of circle of the multicausation model
- environment
- health care system
- water quality
- infectious disease outbreaks
- air pollution
- economics
pathogenic vs communicable agent
communicable agent - capable of entering and growing or reproducing within the body of the host
pathogenic agent - the cause of the disease or health problem.
