chapter 4

Question 1

primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention

Answer 1

primary prevention - forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period
(vaccines, hygeine, PPE, seatbelts, helmets)

secondary prevention - early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe.
(health screenings)

tertiary prevention - aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate.
(physical therapy, occupational therapy)

Question 2

primary prevention of communicable diseases

Answer 2

individuals: hand washing, condoms, properly cooking food

communities: chlorinating water supply, inspecting restaurants, immunization programs for citizens, vector control, solid waste diposal

Question 3

secondary prevention of communicable diseases

Answer 3

individual: self diagnosis, self treatment with OTC drugs, antibiotics prescribed by physician

community: controlling or limiting extent of an epidemic. (carefully maintaining records; inveestigating cases)

Question 4

tertiary prevention of communicable diseases

Answer 4

individual: recovering to full health after infections; return to normal activites

community: preventing recurrence of epidemics; removal, embalming, burial of dead, reapplication of primary and secondary measures

Question 5

primary prevention for NONcommunicable diseases

Answer 5

individual: education and knowledge about health and disease prevention, eating properly, adequate exercise, driving safely, yearly medical screenings.

community: adequate food and energy supplies, efficient community services, opportunities for education, employment, housing

Question 5

secondary prevention for NONcommunicable diseases

Answer 5

individual: personal screenings, pursuit of diagnosis and prompt treatment

community: provision of mass screenings for chronic diseases, case-finding measures, provision of adequate health personnel equipment and facilities

Question 6

tertiary prevention for NONcommunicable diseases

Answer 6

individual: significant behavioral or lifestyle changes

community: adequate emergency personnel and services: hospitals, surgeons, nurses, ambulatory services

Question 7

communicable diseases

Answer 7

diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another

Question 8

noncommunicable diseases

Answer 8

diseases that cannot be transmitted from person to person

Question 9

acute

Answer 9

disease in which peak severity of symptoms occur and subsides within 3 months

Question 10

chronic

Answer 10

disease or condition in which symptons continue longer than 3 months

Question 11

what are the 3 causative agents?

Answer 11

1. biological (bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa)
2. chemical (air pollution, pharmacology drugs, pesticides, poison)
3. physical (x-rays, noise, light, speeding objects)

Question 12

infectivity

Answer 12

ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host

Question 13

agent

Answer 13

cause of diseases or health problem

Question 14

host

Answer 14

susceptible person or organism invaded by an infections agent.

Question 15

enviornment

Answer 15

factors that inhibit/promote disease transmission

Question 16

pathogenicity

Answer 16

capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host

Question 17

zoonoses

Answer 17

diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations (ebola and salmonella)

Question 18

anthroponoses

Answer 18

diseases for which humans are the only known reservoir (ex: rubella, smallpox, diphtheria, ringworm, gonorrhea)

Question 19

direct transmission

Answer 19

immediate transfer of disease agent between infected and susceptible individuals (touching, biting, kissing, copulation)

Question 20

indirect transmission

Answer 20

transmission involving an intermediate step (airborne, vehicleborne, vectorborne, biological)

Question 21

airborne transmission

Answer 21

occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze

Question 22

vehicles

Answer 22

nonliving objects by which agents are transferred to susceptible host

Question 23

vectorborne transmission

Answer 23

transfer of an agent to a susceptible host by animate means such as mosquitoes, fleas, rats, and ticks

Question 24

vehicleborne transmission

Answer 24

contaminated materials or objects

Question 25

what is the nation’s leading cause of death?

Answer 25

noncommunicable disease - heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes

Question 26

risk factors

Answer 26

modifiable: smoking, alcohol, drug, physical inacvitiy, diet, sleep, stress, enviornment

unmodifiable: genetics, age, gender, race/ethnicity

Question 27

criteria used to judge importance of disease to a community

Answer 27

• number of people who will die from a disease
• number of YPLL
• economic costs associated with disease

Question 28

prevention

Answer 28

planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of disease or health problem

Question 29

intervention

Answer 29

effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event

Question 30

control

Answer 30

containment of a disease; prevention and intervention measures

Question 31

eradication

Answer 31

total elimination of disease from human population (ex: smallpox)

Question 32

isolation

Answer 32

separation of infected individuals from those who are susceptible

Question 33

quaratine

Answer 33

limitation of freedom of movement of those who have been exposed to a disease and may be incubating it

Question 34

disinfection

Answer 34

killing of communicable disease agents outside the host (countertops, door handles)

Question 35

what are the rings of the chain of infection model?

Answer 35

1. pathogen (antibiotics)
2. human resevoir (quaratine)
3. portal of exit (masks)
4. transmission (hand washing)
5. portal of entry (masks)
6. establishment of disease in new host (immunizations)

Question 36

innermost circle of the multicausation model

Answer 36

your genetic endowment

Question 37

second circle of the multicausation model

Answer 37

your personality, beliefs, and behavioral choices

Question 38

the outermost of circle of the multicausation model

Answer 38

1. environment
2. health care system
3. water quality
4. infectious disease outbreaks
5. air pollution
6. economics

Question 39

pathogenic vs communicable agent

Answer 39

communicable agent - capable of entering and growing or reproducing within the body of the host

pathogenic agent - the cause of the disease or health problem.