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PBSI 306 > chapter 4 > Flashcards

chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Steps in scientific method

A
  1. Define problem and hypothesis
  2. Choose and implement method
  3. Collect and analyze data
  4. Draw conclusions
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2
Q

Hypothesis:

A

statement predicting what will happen is a study

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3
Q

Null hypothesis:

A

prediction that there is no relationship between phenomena

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4
Q

Variables:

A

factor that can vary (dependent or independent)

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5
Q

Operationalization:

A

the way we measure and manipulate variables (ex: how they are defined for that study

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6
Q

Case studies:

A

detailed history of unique individuals with a psychological disorder

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7
Q

Advantage/Disadvantages of case studies

A

Advantage:
- Able to study rare problems
Disadvantages:
- Cannot be generalized to larger population
- Lacks objectivity because different researchers might notice or treat patient in different ways

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8
Q

Correlational study:

A

examines the relationship between an independent and dependent variable (without variable manipulation)

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9
Q

Continuous:

A

two or more continuous variables measured

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10
Q

Group Comparison:

A

two or more groups compared on a variable

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11
Q

Cross sectional:

A

participants assessed at one point in time

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12
Q

Statistical significance:

A
  • Index of how likely a result is due to chance
  • p<.05 is the goal which means that the probability is less than 5/100 that the result occurred by chance
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13
Q

Longitudinal:

A

participants assessed more than once over time

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14
Q

Third variable problem:

A

an unmeasured third variable that is associated with independent and dependent variables that may be affecting the results

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15
Q

Random sample:

A

every person in population has equal chance of being selected

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15
Q

Sample:

A

group of people taken from population we want to study

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16
Q

Representative Sample:

A

highly similar or representative of population we are studying

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17
Q

Comparison Group:

A

participants should match the treatment group in every variable except the one being tested for

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18
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of correlational research

A

Advantages:
- focus on real world situations not lab ones
- Longitudinal designs determine differences between groups before event occurs
- Ensures differences cause event and event does not cause differences
- Good external validity
Disadvantages:
- Longitudinal studies are expensive and time consuming
- Cannot infer causation
- Third variable problem

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19
Q

Epidemiological studies:

A

a study of frequency and distribution of a disorder

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20
Q

Prevalence rate:

A

the proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or time

21
Q

Incidence rates:

A

Number of new cases in a disorder

22
Q

Risk factors:

A

conditions with a higher risk of a disorder

23
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of epidemiological research

A

Advantages:
- Provide info for who’s at highest risk and we can use this to test hypotheses about why they are at higher risks
Disadvantages:
- Cannot establish causation
- Third variable problem

24
Q

Human laboratory studies:

A

Expose participants to an event in a lab and then determine its impact

25
Q

Internal validity:

A

changes in the DV can be confidently attributed to manipulation of the IV

26
Q

Experimental group:

A

the group that receives the independent variable

27
Q

Control group:

A

the group that does not receive the independent variable

28
Q

Random assignment:

A

all participants have an equal chance of being in the experimental or the control group

29
Q

Demand characteristics:

A

participants guess the study’s purpose and change their behavior
- Solutions: Can use filler measures, Cover story (basically deception), Double-blind experiments

30
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of laboratory research

A

Advantages
- Higher control
- Random assignment
Disadvantages
- External validity
- Ethical limitations

31
Q

Therapy outcome studies:

A

experimental studies designed to test whether a specific therapy, a psychological therapy, or a biological therapy reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it

32
Q

Simple control group:

A

do not receive treatment but are still tracked

33
Q

Waitlist control group:

A
  • they receive treatment after the experimental group
  • Come to a study as a control group, and when the experiment is over they become the experimental group and receive treatment
34
Q

Placebo control group:

A

receive an inactive treatment (most commonly used to test effectiveness of drugs)

35
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of therapy outcome studies

A

Advantages:
- Provide help to people in distress
Disadvantages:
- Ethical considerations for control group
- Which aspect of the therapy worked?
- Balancing patient’s needs with standardized treatment
- External validity

36
Q

Single-case experimental design:

A

one or few individuals are studied intensively

37
Q

ABAB design:

A

treatment introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated

38
Q

Multiple baseline design:

A
  • give treatment to the same individual but in different settings or at different points in time
  • Give treatment to different individuals at different points in time
39
Q

Advantages/disadvantages of single-case experimental design

A

Advantages: more intensive assessment of participants
Disadvantages: generalizability is limited and cannot test all hypotheses

40
Q

Genetic studies:

A

identify genetic factors associated with psychopathology/ the degree to which genes play a role in a disorder

41
Q

Family history studies:

A

identify people who have disorder, identify control group, trace the family tree

42
Q

Twin studies:

A

compare rates of a disorder among monozygotic and dizygotic twins, and determine concordance rate

43
Q

Adoption studies:

A

identify people with a disorder who were adopted shortly after birth, determine the rates of a disorder among biological relatives and adoptive relatives

44
Q

Molecular genetic studies:

A

comparing DNA of people who have a disorder with a sample who do not to find a genetic characteristic or marker that might cause this disorder

45
Q

Concordance rate:

A

the probability that both twins will have a disorder

46
Q

Linkage analysis:

A

identify other characteristics that co-occur with the disorder and have known genetic markers

47
Q

Cross-cultural studies

A
  • Examines similarities and differences of psychopathology between cultures
  • Challenges: variation in the meaning of concepts and theories, translating assessment tools across cultures, language barriers
48
Q

Meta Analysis:

A

Statistical technique to summarize results across several studies
Steps:
1. Literature search
2. Transform results of each study into common statistic so that tey can be compared
3. Examine average effect size across studies

49
Q

advantages/disadvantages of meta analysis

A

Advantages:
- Provides more power to find out significant effects
Disadvantages:
- Problems with methodology
- File drawer effect: Studies that do not support the hypothesis they are designed to test are less likely to get published

PBSI 306 (18 decks)

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